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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

Genes and Proteins

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1
Q

produces an RNA copy of the DNA through mRNA

A

Transcription

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2
Q

converts nucleotide-based information into a protein product

A

translation

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3
Q

states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins

A

Central Dogma

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4
Q

three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

A

codon

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5
Q

(of the genetic code) describes that a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet; the code is degenerate, but not ambiguous

A

degenerate

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6
Q

strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule

A

template strand

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7
Q

the strand not used as a template in transcription

A

coding strand

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8
Q

sequence present in protein-coding mRNA after completion of pre-mRNA splicing

A

exon

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9
Q

non–protein-coding intervening sequences that are spliced from mRNA during processing

A

intron

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10
Q

three-nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to an mRNA codon

A

anti-codon

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11
Q

What are the two main sequences in the assembly of proteins from DNA?

A

Translation and Transcription

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12
Q

What is mRNA? What is its function?

A

messenger RNA that copies genes and decodes to amino acids

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13
Q

Understand what is meant by the central dogma of molecular biology.

A

flow of genetic information DNA-mRNA-proteins

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14
Q

How many possible nucleotide triplets are there? How many amino acids? How is this discrepancy used to an advantage?

A

64
20
Gives more variation in genes that are produced

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15
Q

What does the term degenerate mean in this sense?

A

a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one codon that can protect against mutation

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16
Q

Four of the codons do not strictly code for amino acids. Which four are unique and what are their special functions?

A

AUG=start
UAA, UGA, and UAG=stop

17
Q

What does it mean to say the genetic code is universal?

A

virtually all species use the same genetic code for protein synthesis
the same codons code for same amino acids in all

18
Q

Transcription occurs from which strand of the double-stranded DNA?

A

template strand

19
Q

What is the term used to describe the strand of DNA that does not function as the template during transcription? What is its relationship with mRNA?

A

coding strand the mRNA is the same but with U not T

20
Q

Name the enzyme that performs transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

RNA polymerase 5’-3’ direction

21
Q

What are the 4 cellular components responsible for actual protein synthesis?

A

mRNA template
ribosomes (rRNA)
tRNA
Enzymes

22
Q

What is tRNA? Where does it perform its job?

A

transfer RNA
ribosomes

23
Q

What is the anti-codon region of tRNA and why is this region so important in translation?

A

complement to the mRNA code being read

24
Q

How is the genetic code physically turned into a chain of amino acids?

A

tRNA brings amino acids corresponding to codon and adds it to growing polypeptide chain

25
Q

Which amino acid does the first tRNA bring to position #1?

A

Methionine (Met)

26
Q

How does elongation of the polypeptide chain occur? What are the three binding sites or compartments on the large ribosomal unit that advance the growing amino acid chain?

A

assembly line
Aminoacyl site
Peptidyl site
Exit site

27
Q

The stop codons signal for termination of translation. How does this occur?

A

nonsense codons
UAA, UGA, UAG
ribosome subunits dissociate from mRNA and each other

28
Q

What happens to the cellular components when translation is finished? What happens to the mRNA?

A

mRNA is degraded, amino acids are modified, and the nucleotides are reused

29
Q

How does the rate of transcription in prokaryotes compare to eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes=translation + transcription occur at the same time
eukaryotes= asynchronous because you must move the mRNA to the ribosomes

30
Q

Why are transcription and translation able to be coupled in prokaryotes, but must be performed independently in eukaryotes?

A

no membrane bound organelles so you don’t have to move the mRNA

31
Q

What are the two main ways listed in your notes that transcription/translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryote need to process the RNA before translation
it is also asynchronous

32
Q

What are exons and introns?

A

exons-coding sequences that remain
introns-sequences that don’t code for functional proteins and are removed

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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