Chapter 11 Book Flashcards
What is the difference of outcomes between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction creates identical clones of the original organism while sexual reproduction a genetically recombined unique cell
What is the smaller haploid cell called? The larger?
Smaller is the male and the larger is the female
How are haploid cells created
Meiosis
What are the names of the stages of Meiosis?
Prophase I and II, Prometaphase I and II, Anaphase I and II, Metaphase I and II, Telophase I and II, Cytokineses, Interkinesis
What are the stages of interphase that precede Meiosis?
G1, S, and G2
What happens in Prophase I? (6 things)
-homologous chromosomes are attached at their tips to the nuclear envelope
-nuclear envelope begins to break down
-chromosomes condense
-synaptonemal complex forms between homologous chromosomes
-crossing over occurs
-tetrads are visible
What happens in Prometaphase I? (3 things)
-spindle fiber microtubules attach to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres
-tetrads are connected to the poles with homologous chromosomes facing opposite poles
-nuclear membrane completely broken down
What are the sources of genetic variation? (3)
crossing over, independent assortment, mutation
What happens during Metaphase I? (1 thing)
Homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
what is the formula to know how many possible alignments there are
2 to the power of n
what is responsible for genetic variation is Metaphase I
Independent assortment
What happens during Anaphase I? (1 thing)
microtubules pull the linked chromosomes apart
What happens during Telophase I? (2 things)
-separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
-some organisms can recondense chromosomes and reform the nuclear envelope
What happens during the first cytokinesis? What is the result?
physical separation of cytoplasmic contents into 2 cells; 2 haploid cells
What is the difference between interphase and interkinesis?
Interkinesis does not have an S phase because DNA is not replicated
What happens in Prophase II? (3 things)
-condense chromosomes
-nuclear membrane breaks into vesicles
-form new spindles
What happens during Prometaphase II? (2 things)
-nuclear envelope is fully broken down and spindle is fully formed
-each sister chromatid attaches to microtubules from opposite poles
What happens during Metaphase II? (1 thing)
chromatids maximally condense and align and the cells equator
What happens during Anaphase II? (2 things)
-kinetochore microtubules pull apart sister chromatid
-non kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell
What happens during Telophase II? (2 things)
-chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense
-nuclear envelope forms
What is the result of the second cytokinesis?
2 cells are divided into 4 haploid cells
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: a form of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells
Both
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: a single nuclear division
Mitosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: results in 2 new cells that are genetically identical to the original
Mitosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: create cells with the same ploidy level
mitosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: 2 nuclear divisions
Meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: results in 4 cells that are gentically unique
meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: end cells are half of the original ploidy level
meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: synaptonemal complex
Meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: crossing over
Meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: tetrads
Meiosis
is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: reduction division
Meiosis
What part of Meiosis is analogous to the stages that take place during Mitosis
Meiosis II
What reproduction can grow a population faster? Hypothetically, how much faster?
Asexual; twice because males cannot reproduce in sexual reproduction
What is the only type of variation in asexual reproduction
Mutation
What is characteristic of a diploid-dominant lifestyle? Example
-only haploid cells produced are the gametes which lose the ability to divide
-no multicellular haploid lifestyle
Ex. humans
What is characteristic of a haploid-dominant lifestyle? Example?
-body is haploid
-+ and - cells
Ex. fungi and algea
What is characteristic of alteration of generations? Example?
-blend of the other two
-both haploid and diploid cells are part of the life cycle
—gametophyte=haploid
—sporophyte=diploid
Ex. Plants
