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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 11 Book > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Book Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference of outcomes between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction creates identical clones of the original organism while sexual reproduction a genetically recombined unique cell

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2
Q

What is the smaller haploid cell called? The larger?

A

Smaller is the male and the larger is the female

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3
Q

How are haploid cells created

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

What are the names of the stages of Meiosis?

A

Prophase I and II, Prometaphase I and II, Anaphase I and II, Metaphase I and II, Telophase I and II, Cytokineses, Interkinesis

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5
Q

What are the stages of interphase that precede Meiosis?

A

G1, S, and G2

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5
Q

What happens in Prophase I? (6 things)

A

-homologous chromosomes are attached at their tips to the nuclear envelope
-nuclear envelope begins to break down
-chromosomes condense
-synaptonemal complex forms between homologous chromosomes
-crossing over occurs
-tetrads are visible

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5
Q

What happens in Prometaphase I? (3 things)

A

-spindle fiber microtubules attach to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres
-tetrads are connected to the poles with homologous chromosomes facing opposite poles
-nuclear membrane completely broken down

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6
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation? (3)

A

crossing over, independent assortment, mutation

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7
Q

What happens during Metaphase I? (1 thing)

A

Homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

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8
Q

what is the formula to know how many possible alignments there are

A

2 to the power of n

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9
Q

what is responsible for genetic variation is Metaphase I

A

Independent assortment

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10
Q

What happens during Anaphase I? (1 thing)

A

microtubules pull the linked chromosomes apart

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11
Q

What happens during Telophase I? (2 things)

A

-separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
-some organisms can recondense chromosomes and reform the nuclear envelope

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12
Q

What happens during the first cytokinesis? What is the result?

A

physical separation of cytoplasmic contents into 2 cells; 2 haploid cells

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13
Q

What is the difference between interphase and interkinesis?

A

Interkinesis does not have an S phase because DNA is not replicated

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14
Q

What happens in Prophase II? (3 things)

A

-condense chromosomes
-nuclear membrane breaks into vesicles
-form new spindles

15
Q

What happens during Prometaphase II? (2 things)

A

-nuclear envelope is fully broken down and spindle is fully formed
-each sister chromatid attaches to microtubules from opposite poles

16
Q

What happens during Metaphase II? (1 thing)

A

chromatids maximally condense and align and the cells equator

17
Q

What happens during Anaphase II? (2 things)

A

-kinetochore microtubules pull apart sister chromatid
-non kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell

18
Q

What happens during Telophase II? (2 things)

A

-chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense
-nuclear envelope forms

19
Q

What is the result of the second cytokinesis?

A

2 cells are divided into 4 haploid cells

20
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: a form of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells

A

Both

21
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: a single nuclear division

A

Mitosis

22
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: results in 2 new cells that are genetically identical to the original

A

Mitosis

23
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: create cells with the same ploidy level

A

mitosis

24
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: 2 nuclear divisions

A

Meiosis

25
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: results in 4 cells that are gentically unique

A

meiosis

26
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: end cells are half of the original ploidy level

A

meiosis

27
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: synaptonemal complex

A

Meiosis

28
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: crossing over

A

Meiosis

29
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: tetrads

A

Meiosis

30
Q

is the following Meiosis, Mitosis, or both: reduction division

A

Meiosis

31
Q

What part of Meiosis is analogous to the stages that take place during Mitosis

A

Meiosis II

32
Q

What reproduction can grow a population faster? Hypothetically, how much faster?

A

Asexual; twice because males cannot reproduce in sexual reproduction

33
Q

What is the only type of variation in asexual reproduction

A

Mutation

34
Q

What is characteristic of a diploid-dominant lifestyle? Example

A

-only haploid cells produced are the gametes which lose the ability to divide
-no multicellular haploid lifestyle

Ex. humans

35
Q

What is characteristic of a haploid-dominant lifestyle? Example?

A

-body is haploid
-+ and - cells
Ex. fungi and algea

36
Q

What is characteristic of alteration of generations? Example?

A

-blend of the other two
-both haploid and diploid cells are part of the life cycle
—gametophyte=haploid
—sporophyte=diploid
Ex. Plants

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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