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Biology 106 Lecture > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

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1
Q

Requires parent organisms to produce two specialized cells which then fuse during fertilization to form a single, unique cell

A

Sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms

A

fertilization

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3
Q

Cells that contain one set of chromosomes

A

haploid

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4
Q

Cells resulting from fertilization that has two sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

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5
Q

All the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

A

somatic cells

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6
Q

Cells in a multicellular organism that are haploid; also known as reproductive cells

A

gametes

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7
Q

Chromosomes that have the same genes in the same location

A

homologue

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8
Q

Protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover

A

synaptonemal complex

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9
Q

The exchange of chromosomal segments between non-sister chromatid homologous pairs that incorporate genes from both parents of the organisms

A

crossing-over

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10
Q

Two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I

A

tetrad

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11
Q

nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I

A

reduction division

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12
Q

Specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm

A

germ cells

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13
Q

Haploid cell that can produce a haploid multicellular organism or can fuse with another spore to form a diploid cell

A

spores

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14
Q

A multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes

A

gametophyte

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15
Q

A multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores by meiosis

A

sporophyte

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16
Q

What are the requirements for “sexual reproduction” to occur?

A

Sexual reproduction requires parent organisms to produce two specialized cells which then fuse during fertilization to form a single, unique cell

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17
Q

In sexual reproduction, the cells involved in the fertilization event are what ploidy level?

A

The cells are half of the normal ploidy level; in humans, the cells are haploid

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18
Q

What is the main evolutionary advantage of meiosis and fertilization events?

A

Meiosis provides genetic variation and has the ability to pass on the better evolved traits to offspring

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19
Q

What are somatic cells in humans, and what ploidy level are they?

A

The body cells which are diploid

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20
Q

What are gamete cells in humans, and what ploidy level are they?

A

The sex cells (egg and sperm) which are haploid

21
Q

Be able to describe why events of meiosis are called “reduction division.”

A

There are two cycles of meiosis, the first splits the chromosomes in half and then the second duplicates the new cells

22
Q

Recall the events of Interphase leading up to meiotic division. When is the genetic material replicated?

A

Interphase has G1, S, and G2 phases. The DNA is duplicated during the S phase prior to meiosis

23
Q

Be able to use terms such as centromere, cohesion proteins, synapse, and kinetochores to describe how the sister chromatids and homologous pairs interact.

A

The centromere holds the two sister chromatids together. The cohesion proteins what is at the centromere to actually hold the sister chromatids together. The synapse is the tight pairing of homologues. Kinetochores are proteins found at the centromeres

24
Q

Understand the role of centrosomes and the meiotic spindle in meiosis.

A

Centrosomes are able to organize the microtubules and attach to the microtubules which connect to the tetrads

25
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Prophase I

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, synaptonemal complex forms, synaptonemal complex begins to break down and chromosomes condense, tetrads are formed

26
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Prometaphase I

A

Spindle fibers microtubules attach to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres and nuclear membrane has completely broken down

27
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Metaphase I

A

Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, chromosomes reach the poles and the meiotic spindle is formed fully

28
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Anaphase I

A

Tetrads are pulled apart, the homologous pairs separate to opposite ends of the cell; and the sister chromatids remain tightly bound together at the centromere

29
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Telophase I

A

Separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

30
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Prophase II

A

Centrosomes that were duplicated move to opposite poles of the cell and new meiotic spindles are assembled

31
Q

What happens in Prometaphase II

A

Nuclear envelopes are completely broken down, each sister chromatid forms an individual kinetochore that attaches to microtubules from opposite poles

32
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Metaphase II

A

The meiotic spindle is completely reformed, the sister chromatids are maximally condensed and align at the metaphase plate of the cell

33
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Anaphase II

A

The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the kinetochore microtubules and move toward opposite poles

34
Q

Understand and be able to recall events that happen in each Telophase II

A

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to de-condense, nuclear envelopes form around the cells

35
Q

Describe events between homologous pairs during prophase I. What is a synapse and what is its purpose?

A

Homologous pairs find each other and form a synaptonemal complex. A synapse is the chromatids that align with each other so there is precise overlap in genes

36
Q

What is crossing-over and where does it occur? What is the result of crossing-over?

A

Crossing-over occurs in Prophase I, when there is a reciprocal exchange of equivalent DNA between a maternal and paternal chromosome, this is the first source of genetic variation in meiosis; the result is a unique combination of genes from the mother and father

37
Q

At what point are the synapsed homologues called “tetrads?”

A

They become tetrads after the chromosomes condense and become a visible structure

38
Q

What is Independent Assortment? When does it happen? What is the significance of it?

A

The tetrads line up at the metaphase plate in a completely random order, this happens during Metaphase I, this is the second source of genetic variation produced my meiosis

39
Q

In anaphase I of meiosis, the microtubules separate which structures?

A

They pull the tetrads apart

40
Q

Cytokinesis following meiosis I results in daughter cells that are what ploidy level?

A

haploid

41
Q

What is interkinesis?

A

Brief interphase before entering meiosis II, if this happens, there is no S phase as the chromosomes do not replicate before Meiosis II

42
Q

In anaphase II of meiosis, the microtubules separate which structures?

A

Sister chromatids

43
Q

How are mitosis and meiosis similar? How are they different?

A

Both are a form of cellular division; mitosis is a single nuclear division event resulting in genetically identical daughter cells; Meiosis consists of 2 nuclear divisions resulting in 4 genetically unique daughter cells with a ploidy level that has been reduced

44
Q

How is sexual reproduction an advantage over asexual reproduction?

A

This allows for genetic variation which is important to the survival and reproduction of the population

45
Q

What is “The Red Queen Hypothesis?”

A

The variation in offspring created by sexual reproduction is very important to the survival and reproduction of the population

46
Q

What is the ultimate source of variation between both sexual and asexual organisms?

A

mutation

47
Q

Name and describe the events in the three types of multicellular sexual life cycles. How are they similar? How do they differ?

A

Diploid-dominant is where the multicellular diploid stage is the most obvious stage of life where the haploid cells are the gametes
Haploid-dominant is where the multicellular is haploid and they grow and divide using mitosis
Alternation of generations is where both the haploid-dominant and diploid-dominant are apparent to different degrees: Haploid plants are gametophytes and diploid plants are sporophytes

48
Q

What type of sexual life cycle do humans utilize?

A

Diploid-dominant

49
Q

Name organisms that participate in each of the three types of sexual life cycles.

A

Diploid-dominant=most animals including humans; Haploid-dominant=all fungi and some algae; Alternation of generations=plants

Biology 106 Lecture (19 decks)

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