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PSYC 332 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

who is the most known trait theorist?

A

Gordon Allpport

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2
Q

Allport developed words that describe _____ (traits) and came up with over _____ words!

A

people; 4000

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3
Q

the trait approach identifies _____ characteristics that can be represented along a _____

A

personality; continuum

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4
Q

what is a trait?

A

categorizes people according to degree to which they manifest a particular characteristics

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5
Q

what are the assumptions underlying the trait approach?

A

personality characteristics are relatively stable over time and across situations

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6
Q

how did allport know that personality characteristics can be placed on a continuum?

A

can take each trait on its own and put it on a continuum and ask people to rate where they think they are (repeat for any trait)

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7
Q

what is the basis of the trait approach?

A

try to categorize people by the extend to which they show a particular trait

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8
Q

personality is the collection of traits that are ______

A

stable over time/situation

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9
Q

what limitations did allport acknowledge about trait concept?

A

behaviour is influenced by a variety of environmental factors (assumes its stable across time/situations)

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10
Q

allport brought personality into the ____ and shed light on the significance of ___ through a theory of _____

A

mainstream; traits; personality development

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11
Q

what were Allport’s two research strategies?

A

nomothetic approach and idiographic approach

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12
Q

what is the nomothetic approach ?

A

people can be described along a single dimension according to their level of assertiveness or anxiety

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13
Q

according to the nomothetic approach, people have _____ traits that everyone has called ____

A

pre-determined; common traits

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14
Q

what is the idiographic approach?

A

identifies the combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of an individual

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15
Q

what traits types are specific to the idiographic approach?

A

central traits, cardinal traits, secondary traits

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16
Q

____ (central/cardinal/secondary) traits describe an individual’s personality (ie. what you say when someone asks you to describe yourself in an interview) - major characteristics.

____ (central/cardinal/secondary) traits are single dominating traits in personality that not everyone has (you know the person and can predict their behaviour using this trait) - directs most of a person’s activities

____ (central/cardinal/secondary) are traits that don’t define the core of personality and affect behaviour in fewer situations/less influential

A

central
cardinal
secondary

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17
Q

what type of trait would be the following:

“My friend is so generous - she volunteers at many organizations!”

A

cardinal trait

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18
Q

what is the advantage of the idiographic approach?

A

person determines what traits to examine

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19
Q

what is Allport’s definition of personality?

A

dynamic organization within individual of those psychophysical systems determines characteristic behaviour and thought

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20
Q

what does Allport’s definition of personality oppose and why?

A

viewpoints of psychoanalysis and behaviourism bc trait theory is based on the idea that early childhood experiences shape how your personality develops

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21
Q

how is Allport’s definition of personality influenced by gestalt psychology?

A
  • personality can’t be explained by singular parts, need the sum to see the whole
  • personality is an emerging property of all experiences
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22
Q

what three concepts of gestalt psychology are seen in trait theory?

A

wholeness, interrelatedness, conscious experience

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23
Q

the dynamic organization of personality means that personality is always ______

A

changing

24
Q

why is personality “never something that is”? (2)

A
  1. its always becoming
  2. experience changes people
25
Q

the psychophysical systems of Allport’s definition of personality says that nothing is exclusively ____ nor ___, meaning that body and mind are ____

A

mental; biological; fused

26
Q

what famous quote by Heraclitus agrees with Allport’s personality?

A

“No man ever steps in the same river twice, for its not the same river and hes not the same man”

27
Q

what constitutes an adequate theory of personality? (5)

A
  1. personality as contained within the person
  2. views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions
  3. seeks motives for behaviour in the present not the past
  4. employs units of measure capable of living synthesis
  5. adequately account for self-awareness
28
Q
  1. personality as contained within the person = ____ mechanisms rather than ____ mechanisms
  2. views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions = reaction against _____ and the idea that humans are _____ (S-R description of humans is dehumanizing)
  3. seeks motives for behaviour in the present not the past = reaction against _____, and normal adults are aware of their ___ since they are independent of earlier experiences
  4. employs units of measure capable of living synthesis = people are not a collection of ______, so we must measure the whole ______ personality
  5. adequately account for self-awareness
A
  1. personality as contained within the person = internal mechanisms rather than external mechanisms
  2. views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions = reaction against behaviourism and the idea that humans are empty vessels (S-R description of humans is dehumanizing)
  3. seeks motives for behaviour in the present not the past = reaction against psychoanalysis, and normal adults are aware of their motives since they are independent of earlier experiences
  4. employs units of measure capable of living synthesis = people are not a collection of test scores, so we must measure the whole dynamic personality
  5. adequately account for self-awareness
29
Q

what is the nature of personality according to hereditary? (3)

A
  1. provides raw materials
  2. shaped, expanded, or limited by environmental conditions
  3. emphasis on uniqueness through genetic combinations
30
Q

what is the nature of personality according to “Two Personalities”? (3)

A
  1. no continuum of personality between childhood and adulthood
  2. discrete or discontinuous nature of personality
  3. adult personality is not constrained by early experiences
31
Q

Personality traits are ______ that guide behaviour.

They are measured on a _____.

They are subject to ____, ____, and ____ influences.

A

Personality traits are distinguishing characteristics that guide behaviour.

They are measured on a continuum.

They are subject to social, environmental, and cultural influences.

32
Q

What is the definition of a trait?

A

“A neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide equivalent forms of adaptive and expressive behavior” (ie., responding to similar situations in similar ways)

33
Q

explain how a trait is developed using the example in class

A
  1. child develops the trait of gregariousness (conditioning)
  2. child is eager for social intercourse (sociability trait) (reinforcement)
  3. when isolated she misses people and becomes restless
34
Q

People confront the world in terms of their ___. Therefore, traits organize ____ and people can only respond to the ____ in terms of their traits. Ultimately, ___ account for the _____ of human behaviour.

A

People confront the world in terms of their traits. Therefore, traits organize experience and people can only respond to the world in terms of their traits. Ultimately, traits account for the consistence of human behaviour.

35
Q

what is the trait/situation interaction?

A

ranges of possible behaviour activated at varying points within a range according to the demands of a situation (so the environmental situation and the response to it is linked to a trait)

36
Q

All aspects of personality are integrated by an ______ (ie soul, self, mind, ego, etc.). For Allport, this organizing agent is the “____”.

A

organizing agent; proprium

37
Q

what are the two types of conscience in the Proprium?

A

must conscience; ought conscience

38
Q

_____ (must/ought) conscience is the fear of punishment and obedience

_____ (must/ought) conscience is closely tied to proprium where certain goals and things ought to be attained while others avoided

A

must; ought

39
Q

the development of the proprium….

  1. ______ = infants become aware of their own ___ and distinguish their ____ from ____ in the environment
  2. _____ = children realize that their ____ remains intact despite the many changes taking place
  3. ____ = children learn to take ____ in their accomplishments

stages 1-3 emerge during the first ___ years

  1. _____ = children come to recognize the objects/people that are part of their ______
  2. ____ = children develop actual and idealized images of ____ and their ____, and become aware of satisfying (or failing to satisfy) ______

stages 4-5 emerge during the ____ years

  1. ____ = children begin to apply ____ and ____ to the solution of everyday problems (develops during age ____)
  2. _____ = young people begin to formulate _____ goals and plans (develops during _____)
  3. ____ = normal, mature adults are functionally _____, independent of childhood motives, and function ____ in the present and consciously create their own _____.
A

the development of the proprium….

  1. bodily self = infants become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies from objects in the environment
  2. self-identity = children realize that their identity remains intact despite the many changes taking place
  3. self-esteem = children learn to take pride in their accomplishments

stages 1-3 emerge during the first 3 years

  1. extension of self = children come to recognize the objects/people that are part of their own world
  2. self-image = children develop actual and idealized images of themselves and their behaviour, and become aware of satisfying (or failing to satisfy) parental expectations

stages 4-5 emerge during the 4-6 years

  1. self as a rational coper = children begin to apply reason and logic to the solution of everyday problems (develops during ages 6-12)
  2. propriety striving = young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (develops during adolescence)
  3. adulthood = normal, mature adults are functionally autonomous, independent of childhood motives, and function rationally in the present and consciously create their own lifestyles.
40
Q

trait theorists do not assume that some people have a trait and others do not. instead they propose that __________.

A

all people possess certain traits, but that the degree to which a given trait applies to a specific person varies and can be quantified.

41
Q

what is factor analysis?

A

statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns

42
Q

what is the limitation of the factor analysis?

A

procedure is confined by the type of data chosen for analysis

43
Q

who said that “personality permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”?

A

Cattell

44
Q

Using factor analysis, Cattell suggested _____ pairs of source traits represented by the basic dimensions of personality.

A

16

45
Q

what are source traits?

A

basic traits that make up the human personality

46
Q

using the 16 pair source traits, Cattell developed the ______ (16PF), a measure that provides scores for each of the traits

A

sixteen personality factor questionnaire

47
Q

Eysenck used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits and found that personality could be best describe in terms of what 3 dimensions?

A

extraversion: degree of sociability

neurotic: encompasses emotional stability

psychoticism: refers to degree to which reality is distorted

48
Q

link the list of characteristics to Eysenck’s dimensions:

  1. sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking
  2. anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense
  3. aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive
A
  1. extraversion
  2. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
49
Q

for the last two decades, the most influential trait approach contends that five traits or factors, called the ____ developed by ____, lie at the core of personality.

A

big 5; Fiske, McRae, Costa

50
Q

what are the big 5 factors?

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability)

51
Q

what were Henry Murray’s 3 contributions to personality? (trait approach)

A
  1. personology: combo of psychoanalytic and trait concepts + needs (basic elements of personality)
  2. viscerogenic needs = food, water, etc
  3. focused on psychogenic needs = readiness to respond in certain way under certain given conditions, activated by cues in the environment
52
Q

what are Murray’s principles (2)?

A
  1. personality is rooted in the brain: the individual’s cerebral physiology guides/governs every aspect of personality
  2. tension reduction: people act to reduce physiological and psychological tension, but this does not mean we strive for a tension-free state; it is the process of acting to reduce tension that is satisfying not the attainment of a condition free of all tension
53
Q

according to Murray…
1. certain drugs can alter the functioning of the brain, thereby affecting _____

  1. everything on which personality depends exists in the ___, including feeling states, conscious/unconscious memories, beliefs, attitudes, fears, values
  2. a tension-free existence is itself a source of ____ because we need ____.
  3. we generate tension to have the satisfaction of ______ it.
A

according to Murray…
1. certain drugs can alter the functioning of the brain, thereby affecting personality

  1. everything on which personality depends exists in the brain, including feeling states, conscious/unconscious memories, beliefs, attitudes, fears, values
  2. a tension-free existence is itself a source of distress because we need excitement/activity/movement.
  3. we generate tension to have the satisfaction of reduce it.
54
Q

according to Murray’s principles,

  1. an individual’s personality continues to develop over time; it is constructed of ________. therefore, the study of a person’s ____ is of great importance.
  2. personality ____ and ____. therefore, it is not ___ or ____.
  3. each person is unique, but there are ____ among all people. An individual being is like __ other person, like ___ other people, and like ___ other person
A

according to Murray’s principles,

  1. an individual’s personality continues to develop over time; it is constructed of all the events that occur during the course of that person’s life. therefore, the study of a person’s past is of great importance.
  2. personality changes and progresses. therefore, it is not fixed or static.
  3. each person is unique, but there are similarities among all people. An individual being is like no other person, like some other people, and like every other person
55
Q

True or False: Murray created a list of needs.

A

True!!

56
Q

Murray did many things, but what would be considered his two principal contributions to personality?

A
  1. thematic apperception test (TAT)
  2. stimulated extensive research on psychogenic needs
57
Q

according to Murray, people can be described in terms of a ______ and ____ is a situation that influences the activation of a need.

A

personal hierarchy of needs; press

PSYC 332 (8 decks)

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