Chapter 15

Question 1

what is the cognitive approach?

Answer 1

Differences in personality are differences in the way people process information

Question 2

what is Kurt Lewin’s Field theory of behavior (1938)?

Answer 2

B= f(LS) B = f(p,e)

Life space (LS) behavior (B) is a function of the person (p) and their cultural environment (e)

Psychological field = The total sum of all forces and influences that can impact a person’s behavior. It incorporates situational, cultural, and social elements.

Life space = This represents a person’s unique experience and reality. It includes their feelings, thoughts, perceptions, goals, and experiences

Question 3

who published the “psychology of personal constructs”? what is it?

Answer 3

Published by George Kelly

Premise of many approaches identified as cognitive

Question 4

what is Kelly’s man-woman-the-scientist?

Answer 4

viewing individuals as constantly generating and testing hypotheses about the world, similar to scientists

observe, explain, predict, control

Question 5

what are personal constructs?

Answer 5

Cognitive structures people use to interpret and predict events

Question 6

(T/F) ___ People do not use identical personal constructs

(T/F) ___ Individuals do not organize constructs in an identical manner

Answer 6

both are true

Question 7

what does it mean that personal constructs are bipolar?

Answer 7

Friendly–unfriendly
Intelligent–unintelligent

Question 8

Kelly emphasizes the _____ capacity of living things to represent their environment, as opposed to simply reacting to it.

Answer 8

creative

Question 9

what are the 4 characteristics of constructs?

Answer 9

patterns that we create in our mind and attempt to fit over the realities of the world.

Since our constructs don’t always fit with reality, we are constantly modifying them, as well as trying to increase our repertoire of constructs.

Over time, we test our constructs for the ability to predict what will happen in our lives.

With sufficient time and experience, and if we are willing to learn from our mistakes, we can evaluate all of our interpretations of the world in which we live

Question 10

what is Kelly’s fundamental postulate?

Answer 10

“a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events”

Question 11

how many corollaries does Kelly have?

Answer 11

11

Question 12

what is individuality corollary? (3)

Answer 12

Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.

Two people cannot play the same role in a situation.

They will therefore interpret the event differently

Question 13

what is organization corollary? (3)

Answer 13

When faced with conflict, there may be solutions that contradict one another.

Which do we choose?

E.g., stupid might work but we choose smart

Each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.

Question 14

Application of first ____ is followed by other bipolar constructs, which determines what?

Answer 14

construct

the extent of the blackness or whiteness

Question 15

Differences in personality result from differences in the way people “______”

______ of people to make sense of others and their behavior

Individuals may use the ____ constructs and construe the world ____

Answer 15

Differences in personality result from differences in the way people “construe the world”

Initial thoughts of people to make sense of others and their behavior

Individuals may use the same constructs and construe the world differently

Question 16

why do people suffer from psychological problems according to Kelly and the cognitive approach? (3)

Answer 16

People suffer from psychological problems due to defects in their construct systems

Past traumatic experiences are not the cause of the problems

People become anxious when personal constructs fail to make sense of the events in their lives

Question 17

how do you fix inadequate personal constructs?

Answer 17

People frequently generate a new construct to replace the inadequate one

Question 18

what are cognitive personality variables? (4)

Answer 18

Elements between the stimulus and response
- Constitute to individual differences in people
- Referred as cognitive-affective units

Part of a complex system that links situations people encounter with their behavior

Question 19

place the following: encoding, expectations and beliefs, affects, goals and values, competencies and self-regulatory plans

1) Categories (constructs) for encoding information about one’s self, other people, events, and situations

2) Expectations for what will happen in certain situations, for outcomes for certain behaviors, and for one’s personal efficacy

3) Feelings, emotions, and emotional responses

4) Individual goals and values, and life projects

5) Perceived abilities, plans, and strategies for changing and maintaining one’s behavior and internal states

Answer 19

1) encodings
2) expectations and beliefs
3) affects
4) goals and values
5) competencies and self-regulatory plans

Question 20

Individual differences in cognitive framework is due to difference in _____ of people

Individuals differ in the manner they ____ stored information

People react to the same situation _____

Answer 20

Individual differences in cognitive framework is due to difference in mental representations of people

Individuals differ in the manner they access stored information

People react to the same situation differently

Question 21

(T/F) ___ Mental representations are unique to individuals

Answer 21

true

Question 22

what are self-concepts? (3)

Answer 22

Cognitive representation of oneself

Relatively stable over time

Play a central role in the way people process information

Question 23

what are self-schemas (3)?

Answer 23

Cognitive representations of oneself that one uses to organize and process self-relevant information

Consists of the important behaviors and attributes

Provide a framework for organizing and storing information

Question 24

what are trait concepts? (2)

Answer 24

Part of self-schema

People behave differently due to individual differences in self-schemas

Question 25

what is the self-reference effect?

Answer 25

Easy remembering of self-referent words as they are processed through self-schemas

Question 26

what are possible selves and how do they affect behaviour?

Answer 26

Cognitive representations of the kind of person we might become someday Provide incentives for future behavior Helps to interpret the meaning of behavior and events in our lives

Question 27

what behaviours do researchers use possible selves to study?

Answer 27

Binge drinking, academic performance Weight loss, adherence to an exercise program

Question 28

(T/F) ___ Researches indicate gender differences in the possible selves of young men and women

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what is cognitive psychotherapy (2)?

Answer 29

Helps recognize inappropriate thoughts and replace them with appropriate ones Cognitive psychologists teach clients how to deal with future and recurring problems

Question 30

what is the limitation of cognitive psychotherapy?

Answer 30

Limited to psychological problems that are based in irrational and self-defeating thinking

Question 31

who developed rational emotive therapy and what is it?

Answer 31

Developed by Albert Ellis People become depressed, anxious, and upset due to faulty reasoning and reliance on irrational beliefs

Question 32

what is the ABC process of rational emotive therapy?

Answer 32

Activating experience Irrational belief Emotional consequence

Question 33

what is the goal of rational emotive therapy? (2)

Answer 33

Clients must see their irrational beliefs and identify the fault in reasoning To replace irrational beliefs with rational ones

Question 34

Rational emotive therapists challenge clients to identify their _____ beliefs and see how these beliefs lead them to their faulty conclusions.

Answer 34

irrational

Question 35

who developed the repertory grid technique and what is it?

Answer 35

To measure personal constructs, Kelly developed the Repertory Grid Technique, a method used to identify and understand an individual's personal constructs.

Question 36

how does the repertory grid technique work? (3)

Answer 36

The Repertory Grid Technique involves creating a list of elements (usually specific people known to the test-taker) and eliciting personal constructs by comparing and contrasting these elements. The most common version is the Role Construct Repertory Test, where clients provide a list of 24 people, and the therapist asks how two of three presented names are alike but different from the third, based on personal constructs. About 20 trials, or "sorts," provide a useful sample of the client's principal constructs.

Question 37

what are limitations of the repertory grid technique?

Answer 37

Limitations include the lack of a simple test score, requiring interpretation by the therapist, and assumptions about the permanence of constructs and the representativeness of people on the list.

Question 38

what assumption did Kelly express concern about in the repertory grid technique?

Answer 38

Kelly expressed concern about the assumption that people can accurately describe the constructs they use, acknowledging that words may not adequately capture certain constructs and interpretations may vary between clients and therapists.

Question 39

what are the strengths of the cognitive approach (2)?

Answer 39

The cognitive approach to personality is strengthened by its empirical basis, rooted in extensive research findings and laboratory experiments. The adaptability of the cognitive model allows for continuous modification as researchers gain more insights into cognitive structures and processes.

Question 40

what are the criticisms of the cognitive approach? (2)

Answer 40

concepts are sometimes too abstract for empirical research. there is no single model to organize and guide theory and research.