Chapter 16 Flashcards
when is aggression likely ?
when a situation includes provocation, frustration, or encouragement to act violently
____ and ____ factors are relevant to the extent that they activate aggression-relation thoughts and emotions
personal; situational
what is the general aggression model?
Acts of violence can occur when aggressive thoughts enter people’s awareness and remain easily accessible
what are aggressive behaviour scripts? (2)
Represent ways to act that people have learned and practiced
A person’s aggressiveness depends on the accessibility of the behavior script
Aggressive scripts that have been _____ are even more likely to be acted out.
Cognitive scripts are also more likely to lead to aggression when people _____ about the events that led to their aggressive thoughts
practiced; ruminate
People recently exposed to ______, such as scenes from violent movies or violent video games, have highly accessible hostile cognitions
violent images
what does the general aggression model help us understand?
why certain conditions and experiences make a person more prone to acting violently
what are the two aggressive cognitions in the general aggression model?
Trigger aggressive behavior scripts
Affect the way people interpret situations
why do some boys respond in angry and aggressive ways to even mild frustrations or provocations?
Possess chronically accessible hostile thoughts that lead them to interpret harmless acts as threatening
how do intervention programs have been developed to reduce reactive aggression work?
Include efforts to change the child’s aggression related cognitions
Researchers find that physically aggressive boys and girls often exhibit ______, which allows investigators to identify young children at risk of becoming aggressive later in life.
disruptive behavior early in life
One team of researchers presented a series of hypothetical situations to boys with a history of reactive aggression. In one scenario, another student breaks the boy’s radio while the boy is out of the room. For each situation, the boys were asked why the other student did what he did and whether the act was intentional. The boys with a history of reactive aggression were more likely to _______ than were nonaggressive boys.
see the act as intentional and hostile
how are the differences in what men and women remember explained? (3)
Differences in memory can be explained by the way people process self-relevant information
Self-relevant information is associated with emotions
Information about themselves is connected with information about personal relationships
Women:
- Encode information about themselves in terms of ____
- Possess a ____ cognitive link between one emotional memory and another
- Recall _____ memories better than males regardless of age
emotions; stronger; emotional
The women recalled significantly more _____ events than the men. This was true for ___ and ___ events.
On the other hand, men did better recalling the _____ information about American history.
personal; negative; positive; impersonal
how do men and women form different cognitive representations of themselves?
Men develop independent self- construals
Women develop interdependent self- construals
what are men’s independent self-construals?
men’s self-concepts are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have for other people
what are women’s interdependent self-construals?
More likely to define themselves based on the relationships they share with others
Group of researchers gave participants a camera and asked them to take photographs describing themselves.
Women’s chose to include pictures with ____
Men portrayed their self-concept with images of themselves alone____
good friends and loved ones; themselves alone
Depressing thoughts are tied to ____ feelings
depressing
what is the depressive cognitive triad? (3)
Have negative thoughts about themselves
Feel pessimistic about the future
Interpret ongoing experiences in a negative manner
(T/F) ___ Cognitive psychologists argue that the depressive cognitive triad may also cause people to become depressed. The result can be a vicious cycle in which depression leads to negative thoughts which then lead to more depression.
true
depressed patients remembered the ______ words better, whereas two groups of nondepressed participants recalled the other words better.
Depressed people recall words like dismal and helpless better because they process these words through a _____ schema.
They are more likely to attend to the _____ words, associate them with aspects of themselves, and readily recall them later on.
depression-associated; negative; depression-related
what are negative schemas?
Cognitive structure containing memories about depressing events and thoughts
how are negative schemas referred to as?
depressive schemas
how do negative schemas work? (2)
Attend to negative information (recall depressing memories more easily and associate current-past sad incidents)
Interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way
As people recover from an episode of depression negative thoughts ____ but cognitive network remains ___
decline; unchanged
what are the three characteristics of individuals with negative cognitive style?
Attribute problems to stable and global causes
Anticipate the most dreadful consequences possible
Believe that the problems they encounter are the result of their own personal shortcomings
