Chapter 16

Question 1

when is aggression likely ?

Answer 1

when a situation includes provocation, frustration, or encouragement to act violently

Question 2

____ and ____ factors are relevant to the extent that they activate aggression-relation thoughts and emotions

Answer 2

personal; situational

Question 3

what is the general aggression model?

Answer 3

Acts of violence can occur when aggressive thoughts enter people’s awareness and remain easily accessible

Question 4

what are aggressive behaviour scripts? (2)

Answer 4

Represent ways to act that people have learned and practiced

A person’s aggressiveness depends on the accessibility of the behavior script

Question 5

Aggressive scripts that have been _____ are even more likely to be acted out.

Cognitive scripts are also more likely to lead to aggression when people _____ about the events that led to their aggressive thoughts

Answer 5

practiced; ruminate

Question 6

People recently exposed to ______, such as scenes from violent movies or violent video games, have highly accessible hostile cognitions

Answer 6

violent images

Question 7

what does the general aggression model help us understand?

Answer 7

why certain conditions and experiences make a person more prone to acting violently

Question 8

what are the two aggressive cognitions in the general aggression model?

Answer 8

Trigger aggressive behavior scripts

Affect the way people interpret situations

Question 9

why do some boys respond in angry and aggressive ways to even mild frustrations or provocations?

Answer 9

Possess chronically accessible hostile thoughts that lead them to interpret harmless acts as threatening

Question 10

how do intervention programs have been developed to reduce reactive aggression work?

Answer 10

Include efforts to change the child’s aggression related cognitions

Question 11

Researchers find that physically aggressive boys and girls often exhibit ______, which allows investigators to identify young children at risk of becoming aggressive later in life.

Answer 11

disruptive behavior early in life

Question 12

One team of researchers presented a series of hypothetical situations to boys with a history of reactive aggression. In one scenario, another student breaks the boy’s radio while the boy is out of the room. For each situation, the boys were asked why the other student did what he did and whether the act was intentional. The boys with a history of reactive aggression were more likely to _______ than were nonaggressive boys.

Answer 12

see the act as intentional and hostile

Question 13

how are the differences in what men and women remember explained? (3)

Answer 13

Differences in memory can be explained by the way people process self-relevant information

Self-relevant information is associated with emotions

Information about themselves is connected with information about personal relationships

Question 14

Women:
- Encode information about themselves in terms of ____

• Possess a ____ cognitive link between one emotional memory and another
• Recall _____ memories better than males regardless of age

Answer 14

emotions; stronger; emotional

Question 15

The women recalled significantly more _____ events than the men. This was true for ___ and ___ events.

On the other hand, men did better recalling the _____ information about American history.

Answer 15

personal; negative; positive; impersonal

Question 16

how do men and women form different cognitive representations of themselves?

Answer 16

Men develop independent self- construals

Women develop interdependent self- construals

Question 17

what are men’s independent self-construals?

Answer 17

men’s self-concepts are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have for other people

Question 18

what are women’s interdependent self-construals?

Answer 18

More likely to define themselves based on the relationships they share with others

Question 19

Group of researchers gave participants a camera and asked them to take photographs describing themselves.

Women’s chose to include pictures with ____

Men portrayed their self-concept with images of themselves alone____

Answer 19

good friends and loved ones; themselves alone

Question 20

Depressing thoughts are tied to ____ feelings

Answer 20

depressing

Question 21

what is the depressive cognitive triad? (3)

Answer 21

Have negative thoughts about themselves

Feel pessimistic about the future

Interpret ongoing experiences in a negative manner

Question 22

(T/F) ___ Cognitive psychologists argue that the depressive cognitive triad may also cause people to become depressed. The result can be a vicious cycle in which depression leads to negative thoughts which then lead to more depression.

Answer 22

true

Question 23

depressed patients remembered the ______ words better, whereas two groups of nondepressed participants recalled the other words better.

Depressed people recall words like dismal and helpless better because they process these words through a _____ schema.

They are more likely to attend to the _____ words, associate them with aspects of themselves, and readily recall them later on.

Answer 23

depression-associated; negative; depression-related

Question 24

what are negative schemas?

Answer 24

Cognitive structure containing memories about depressing events and thoughts

Question 25

how are negative schemas referred to as?

Answer 25

depressive schemas

Question 26

how do negative schemas work? (2)

Answer 26

Attend to negative information (recall depressing memories more easily and associate current-past sad incidents)

Interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way

Question 27

As people recover from an episode of depression negative thoughts ____ but cognitive network remains ___

Answer 27

decline; unchanged

Question 28

what are the three characteristics of individuals with negative cognitive style?

Answer 28

Attribute problems to stable and global causes

Anticipate the most dreadful consequences possible

Believe that the problems they encounter are the result of their own personal shortcomings