Chapter 7 Flashcards
⦁both terrestrial and celestial, transmit high frequency radio signals through the atmosphere and are widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication
⦁follow a straight line and do not bend with the curvature of the earth.
Microwave System
- a single, common, worldwide standard
- was developed during the early 1970s to support U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) efforts to help scientists transmit data among different types of computers over long distances.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
It routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources.
Network Operating System
⦁the world’s most extensive, public communication system that now rivals the global telephone system in reach and range.
⦁world’s largest implementation of client/server computing and internetworking, linking millions of individual networks all over the world.
Internet
are powered by an internal battery and typically enable data to be rewritten and modified
active RFID tags
arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.
Gateway
a collection of links to other blogs)
Blogroll
What is computer networks?
Computer Networks handle data traffics. It was built by computer companies that seeks to transmit data between computers in different location. It expanded to include internet telephone and video services.
Four-Layered Department of Defense Reference Model for TCP/IP
Application, transport, internet, and network interface
, packets of data are encrypted and wrapped inside IP packets.
Tunneling
provided by cable television vendors use digital cable coaxial lines to deliver high-speed Internet access to homes and businesses. They can provide high-speed access to the Internet of up to 15 Mbps.
Cable Internet Connections
It is a distributed computing model in which some of the processing power is located within small, inexpensive client computers, and resides literally on desktops, laptops, or in handheld devices.
Client/server computing
are hubs where the backbone intersects regional and local networks and where backbone owners connect with one another.
Network access point and metropolitan exchange
Personal Computer has this card built on their motherboard?
Network Interface Card
typically provides a template that defines layout and elements common to all pages, displays user-editable software program code, and then renders the content into an HTML-based page for display in a Web browser.
Wiki software
Which is responsible for the delivery of packets and includes the disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission.
Internet Protocol
⦁is a secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured within a public network to take advantage of the economies of scale and management facilities of large networks, such as the Internet
⦁provides your firm with secure, encrypted communications at a much lower cost than the same capabilities offered by traditional non-Internet providers who use their private networks to secure communications.
⦁provide a network infrastructure for combining voice and data networks.
Virtual Private Network
⦁ in contrast, are collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors. Wiki comes from the Hawaiian word for “quick.”
Wikis
What is network?
Network consists of two or more connected computers.
⦁All devices on the network connect to a single hub.
⦁In an ____________, multiple layers of hubs are organized into a hierarchy.
⦁ Star Topology
The _________ is the largest implementation of client/server computing.
Internet
⦁systems provide a powerful technology for tracking the movement of goods throughout the supply chain.
⦁systems use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit radio signals over a short distance to RFID readers.
⦁The reader unit consists of an antenna and radio transmitter with a decoding capability attached to a stationary or handheld device
Radio frequency Identification
It is responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium, which could be any networking technology.
⦁ Network Interface Layer
are international telephone standards for digital communication. They are leased, dedicated lines suitable for businesses or government agencies requiring high-speed guaranteed service levels. T1 lines offer guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps, and T3 lines offer delivery at 45 Mbps.
T1 and T3
is a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to retail subscribers.
Internet Service Provider:
integrates disparate channels for voice communications, data communications, instant messaging, e-mail, and electronic conferencing into a single experience where users can seamlessly switch back and forth between different communication modes.
Unified communications
It is the dominant LAN standard at the physical network level, specifying the physical medium to carry signals between computers, access control rules, and a standardized set of bits used to carry data over the system.
Ethernet
4 defining features of web 2.0
- Interactivity
- Real time user control
- Social Participation
- User-generated content
⦁attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the Web nearly instantly, and, arguably, they are the “killer app” of the Internet era. It started out in the early 1990s as relatively simple software programs that roamed the nascent Web, visiting pages and gathering information about the content of each page. The first search engines were simple keyword indexes of all the pages they visited, leaving the user with lists of pages that may not have been truly relevant to their search.
search engines
Is a network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN.
Metropolitan Area Network
The _________ sets the rules of communication for the network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network.
Server
⦁sites enable users to build communities of friends and professional colleagues.
⦁are highly interactive, offer real-time user control, rely on user-generated content, and are broadly based on social participation and sharing of content and opinions
Social networking
It is a communications processor used to route packets of data through different networks, ensuring that the data sent gets to the correct address.
Router
⦁Search engines have become major shopping tools by offering what is now called
Search engines Marketing
______________ are very simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices.
Hub
are formatted using hypertext with embedded links that connect documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects, such as sound, video, or animation files.
Web pages
are worldwide discussion groups posted on Internet electronic bulletin boards on which people share information and ideas on a defined topic, such as radiology or rock bands.
Newsgroup
What are the major hardware, software, and transmission components used in simple network?
Client computer and a dedicated server computer
Network Interfaces
Communication Medium
Network operating system software
Either Hub or Switch
connect your computer to the Internet using a cable network.
Cable modems
_______________________ treats all processors equally and is used primarily in small networks with 10 or fewer users.
Peer-to-peer network
Enables client application programs to access the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data.
One of these application protocols is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is used to transfer Web page files.
Application Layer
It is responsible for addressing, routing, and packaging data packets called IP datagrams. The Internet Protocol is one of the protocols used in this layer.
Internet Layer
Is designed to connect personal computers and other digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius.
Local Area Networks
⦁consists of bound strands of clear glass fiber, each the thickness of a human hair.
⦁Data are transformed into pulses of light, which are sent through the fiber-optic cable by a laser device at rates varying from 500 kilobits to several trillion bits per second in experimental settings.
⦁Is considerably faster, lighter, and more durable than wire media, and is well suited to systems requiring transfers of large volumes of data.
⦁had been used primarily for the high-speed network backbone, which handles the major traffic.
Fiber-Optics Cable
similar to that used for cable television, consists of thickly insulated copper wire that can transmit a larger volume of data than twisted wire.
Coaxial Cable
A device that translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) so that computers can transmit data over analog networks such as telephone and cable networks.
MODEM (MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR)
⦁second-generation interactive Internet-based services where Web sites don’t just contain static content—they enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new services and content online.
Web 2.0
⦁The directory path and document name are two more pieces of information within the Web address that help the browser track down the requested page. Together, the address is called
⦁tells the browser software exactly where to look for the information.
Uniform Resource Locator
connects to regional networks, which in turn provide access to Internet service providers, large firms, and government institutions.
Internet backbone
What is network?
Network consists of two or more connected computers.
measures the total amount of digital information that can be transmitted through any telecommunications medium
Bits per Second (bps)
It is a set of rules and procedures governing transmission of information between two points in a network.
Protocol
is a collection of Web pages linked to a home page
Web site
technology delivers voice information in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance telephone networks
Voice over IP
is a collaborative effort led by the World Wide Web Consortium to add a layer of meaning atop the existing Web to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information
Semantic Web
a list of entries in other blogs that refer to a post on the first blog
Trackback
In which a small group of computers can share resources, such as files, folders, and printers, over the network without a dedicated server.
Workgroup Network Model
were expensive and wasted available communications capacity—the circuit was maintained regardless of whether any data were being sent.
Circuit-Switch Network
⦁the popular term for a Weblog, is a personal Web site that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its author, and links to related Web pages.⦁ the popular term for a Weblog, is a personal Web site that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its author, and links to related Web pages.
Blog
The _________ sets the rules of communication for the network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network.
Server
⦁The 802.11 set of standards for wireless LANs and wireless Internet access
⦁The first of these standards to be widely adopted was 802.11b, which can transmit up to 11 Mbps in the unlicensed 2.4-GHz band and has an effective distance of 30 to 50 meters.
⦁The most popular use for Wi-Fi today is for high-speed wireless Internet service.
Wi-Fi
⦁is the popular name for the 802.15 wireless networking standard, which is useful for creating small personal area networks (PANs).
⦁It links up to eight devices within a 10-meter area using low-power, radio-based communication and can transmit up to 722 Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band.
⦁enables a variety of devices, including cell phones, smartphones, wireless keyboards and mice, PCs, and printers, to interact wirelessly with each other within a small 30-foot (10-meter) area. In addition to the links shown, Bluetooth can be used to network similar devices to send data from one PC to another, for example
Bluetooth
⦁Connects network components in a closed loop. Messages pass from computer to computer in only one direction around the loop, and only one station at a time may transmit.
⦁The ring topology is primarily found in older LANs using Token Ring networking software.
Ring Topology
⦁ syndicates Web site content so that it can be used in another setting. _____________ pulls specified content from Web sites and feeds it automatically to users’ computers, where it can be stored for later viewing.
Rich Site Summary/Really simple syndicate
It is a computer on a network that performs important network functions for client computers, such as serving up Web pages, storing data, and storing the network operating system.
Server Computer
⦁ The totality of blog-related Web sites is often referred to as the
Blogsphere
⦁consists of strands of copper wire twisted in pairs and is an older type of transmission medium.
⦁Twisted-pair cabling is limited to a maximum recommended run of 100 meters (328 feet).
Twisted Wire
⦁is software for locating and managing stored Web pages.
⦁It locates the Web pages requested by a user on the computer where they are stored and delivers the Web pages to the user’s computer.
Webs server
were expensive and wasted available communications capacity—the circuit was maintained regardless of whether any data were being sent.
Circuit-Switch Network
What are the three major LAN Topologies
Star, bus, and ring
are two- and three-character names you are familiar with from surfing the Web
Top level domain
_____________ has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination on the network.
Switch
do not have their own power source and obtain their operating power from the radio frequency energy transmitted by the RFID reader
Passive RFID tags
⦁also use radio waves and a variety of different protocols to communicate with radio antennas (towers) placed within adjacent geographic areas called cells.
⦁Communications transmitted from a cell phone to a local cell pass from antenna to antenna—cell to cell—until they reach their final destination.
Cellular Systems
Kinds of Physical Transmission Media
Twisted Wire
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optics cable
is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet.
Domain name
⦁are networks of interconnected wireless devices that are embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces.
⦁are valuable in areas such as monitoring environmental changes, monitoring traffic or military activity, protecting property, efficiently operating and managing machinery and vehicles, establishing security perimeters, monitoring supply chain management, or detecting chemical, biological, or radiological material.
Wireless Sensor Networks
connect your computer to the Internet using a telephone company’s land line network.
DSL modems
which currently is a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by periods.
Internet Protocol (IP) address
is based on radio signals of various frequencies.
Wireless Transmission
⦁the world’s most extensive, public communication system that now rivals the global telephone system in reach and range.
⦁world’s largest implementation of client/server computing and internetworking, linking millions of individual networks all over the world.
Internet
at the bottom of the hierarchy designates a specific computer on either the Internet or a private network.
Host name
measures the number of cycles per second on a particular telecommunications channel.
Hertz
This can reside on every computer in the network, or it can reside primarily on a dedicated server computer for all applications on the network.
Network Operating System
What is Telephone Networks?
It handles voice communication. Built by telephone companies throughout 20th century using voice transmission technology. It is usually operated as regulated monopoly all over the world.
⦁Span broad geographical distances—entire regions, states, continents, or the entire globe.
⦁The most universal and powerful WAN is the Internet.
Metropolitan and Wide Area Networks
⦁Which handles the movement of data between computers.
⦁Establishes a connection between the computers, sequences the transfer of packets, and acknowledges the packets sent.
TCP
⦁One station transmits signals, which travel in both directions along a single transmission segment.
⦁All of the signals are broadcast in both directions to the entire network. All machines on the network receive the same signals, and software installed on the client computers enables each client to listen for messages addressed specifically to it.
⦁The most common Ethernet Topology
Bus Topology
_________ is represented by a continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium and has been used for voice communication.
Analog Signal
It uses a dedicated server to manage the computers in the network.
Domain Network Model
It is a method of slicing digital messages into parcels called packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destinations.
Packet switching
converts domain names to IP addresses. a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level
Domain Name System (DNS)
have two parts, designating a top-level name and a second-level name
Second level domain
which formats documents and incorporates dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the same or remote computers.
HTML
Is the promise of a future Web where all this digital information, all these contacts, can be woven together into a single meaningful experience.
Web 3.0 or Semantic Web
use intelligent agent software for searching the Internet for shopping information.
Shopping bot
enables messages to be exchanged from computer to computer, with capabilities for routing messages to multiple recipients, forwarding messages, and attaching text documents or multimedia files to messages.
⦁ the popular term for IEEE Standard 802.16. It has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles and transmission speed of up to 75 Mbps
are powerful enough to beam high-speed Internet connections to rooftop antennas of homes and businesses that are miles away.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave access
are usually variations on templates provided by the blogging service or software
Blog pages
⦁The range of frequencies that can be accommodated on a particular telecommunications channel.
⦁the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be accommodated on a single channel.
⦁The greater the range of frequencies, the greater the bandwidth and the greater the channel’s transmission capacity.
Bandwidth
Are supplanting traditional wired networks for many applications and creating new applications, services, and business models.
Wireless networks (Wi-Fi)
are consortia representing 200 universities, private businesses, and government agencies in the United States that are working on a new, robust, high-bandwidth version of the Internet.
Internet2 and Next generation internet
What are the two fundamental type of networks?
Telephone Networks and Computer Networks
What are the major hardware, software, and transmission components used in simple network?
Client computer and a dedicated server computer
Network Interfaces
Communication Medium
Network operating system software
Either Hub or Switch
Contemporary digital networks and the internet are based on these three key technologies:
Client/server computing
Use of packet switching
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
⦁is typically consist of one or more access points providing wireless Internet access in a public place.
Hotspot
perform the same function as traditional modems, connecting your computer to a wireless network that could be a cell phone network, or a Wi-Fi network.
Wireless modems
are software services that enable users and system developers to mix and match content or software components to create something entirely new.
Mashup and widgets
⦁Standard in Europe and much of the rest of the world outside the United Sates
⦁strength is its international roaming capability.
Global System for Mobile Communication
new version of the IP addressing schema, which contains 128-bit addresses (2 to the power of 128), or more than a quadrillion possible unique addresses.
Internet protocol version 6
What is the Domain name system heirarchy?
Root domain, top level domain, and second level domain.
Three Kinds of Wireless Networks used by Computers
Microwave System
Cellular Systems
Wireless Networks (WIFI)
describes the capabilities of software agents with built-in intelligence that can gather or filter information and perform other tasks to assist users.
Intelligent agent shopping bots
⦁The major standard in the United States. Which is the system used by Verizon and Sprint.
⦁developed by the military during World War II. It transmits over several frequencies, occupies the entire spectrum, and randomly assigns users to a range of frequencies over time.
Code Division Multiple access
is a type of chat service that enables participants to create their own private chat channels.
Instant messaging
Two ways to communicate a message in a network.
Analog and Digital Signal
enables two or more people who are simultaneously connected to the Internet to hold live, interactive conversations
chat
⦁is the communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web.
⦁Web browser software operating your computer can request Web pages stored on an Internet host server using this
⦁is the first set of letters at the start of every Web address, followed by the domain name, which specifies the organization’s server computer that is storing the document.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
technologies operate over existing telephone lines to carry voice, data, and video at transmission rates ranging from 385 Kbps all the way up to 9 Mbps.
Digital Subscriber Line
It is responsible for providing the Application layer with communication and packet services. This layer includes TCP and other protocols.
Transport Layer
⦁All devices on the network connect to a single hub.
⦁In an ____________, multiple layers of hubs are organized into a hierarchy.
⦁ Star Topology
call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along different routes before being reassembled at the final destination.
Voice over IP
⦁ is the process of improving the quality and volume of Web traffic to a Web site by employing a series of techniques that help a Web site achieve a higher ranking with the major search engines when certain keywords and phrases are put in the search field.
Search Engines Optimization
most popular Internet service. It’s a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using a client/server architecture.
The web
Two ways to communicate a message in a network.
Analog and Digital Signal
⦁A discrete, binary waveform, rather than a continuous waveform.
⦁Communicate information as strings of two discrete states: one bit and zero bits, which are represented as on-off electrical pulses.
Digital Signal
