Chapter 5 - IT Infrastructure Flashcards
Competitive forces model for IT investments
- Market demand for your firm’s services
- Your firm’s business strategy
- Your firm’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost
- Information technology assessment
- Competitor firm services
- Competitor firm IT infrastructure investment
An easy-to-use software language that greatly expanded the ability of programmers to
write business-related programs and reduced the cost of software
Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL)
A powerful multitasking, multiuser, portable operating system initially developed at
Bell Labs (1969)
Unix (1969–1975)
is another Web development technique for creating interactive Web applications that prevents all of this inconvenience.
allows a client and server to exchange small pieces of data behind the
scene so that an entire Web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user
requests a change
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Cloud and mobile computing era
2000 to present
is the process of presenting a set of computing resources (such as computing power or data storage) so that they can all be accessed in
ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location.
Virtualization
are generally
older transaction processing systems created for mainframe computers
that continue to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning
them.
Legacy System
The standard Wintel design for personal desktop computing based on standard Intel
processors and other standard devices, Microsoft DOS, and later Windows software.
IBM/Microsoft/Intel Personal Computer (1981)
is an
easy-to-use software tool with a graphical user interface for displaying Web
pages and for accessing the Web and other Internet resources.
Web Browser
is set of self-contained services that
communicate with each other to create a working software application
Service Oriented Architecture
enables a firm to contract custom software development or maintenance of existing legacy programs to outside firms, which
often operate offshore in low-wage areas of the world
Software outsourcing
connect multiple storage
devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage
SAN- Storage Area Networks
It enables businesses to distribute computing work across a series of smaller, inexpensive machines that cost much less than minicomputers or centralized mainframe systems.
Client/server computing
is a page description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a Web page document
Hypertext markup language (HTML)
The simplest client/server network consists of a client computer networked to a server computer, with processing split between the two types of machine.
two-tiered client/server architecture
is a prewritten commercially available set of
software programs that eliminates the need for a firm to write its own
software programs for certain functions, such as payroll processing or order
handling.
Software package
refer to a set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal Web communication standards and languages.
Web Services
Who and when does minicomputers were introduced?
Digital Equipment Corporation back in 1965.
connect multiple storage
devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage
SAN- Storage Area Networks
are small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell phone and are generally delivered over the Internet
APPS
was a period of highly centralized computing under the control of professional programmers and systems operators (usually in a corporate data center), with most elements of infrastructure provided by a single vendor, the manufacturer of the hardware and the software.
MAINFRAME ERA (1959 - PRESENT)
Provides the foundation for serving customers, working with vendors and managing internal firm business processes.
IT INFRASTRUCTURE.
What is foundation technology of Web services
XML or Extensible Markup Language
It includes in investing in hardware, software, and services - education, consulting, and training - that are shared across the entire firm or across entire business units in the firm.
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
The growing bandwidth power of the Internet has pushed the client/servermodel one step further
Cloud Computing Model
optimized for wireless communication and Internet access, with
core computing functions such as word processing; tablet computers such as
the iPad; and digital e-book readers such as Amazon’s Kindle with some Web
access capabilities.
Netbooks
Cloud computing is defined by National Institute of Standards and Technology
- On-demand self service
- Ubiquitous network access
- Location independent resource pooling
- Rapid elasticity
- Measured service
A network standard for connecting desktop computers into local area networks that
enabled the widespread adoption of client/server computing and local area networks,
and further stimulated the adoption of personal computers
Ethernet (1973)
) model can be used to analyze
these direct and indirect costs to help firms determine the actual cost of specific
technology implementations
Total cost of ownership
Perhaps the most well known open source software is _______, an operating system
related to Unix. Linux was created by the Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds
and first posted on the Internet in August 1991.
Linux
maintains a large Web server, or series of
servers, and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their Web
sites
Web hosting service
are ultrathin computers consisting of a circuit boardwith processors, memory, and network connections that are stored in racks.
Blade server
It is defined as shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firm’s specific information systems application.
Information technology Infrastructure
It is a client/server architecture in which the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers, depending on the kind of service being requested.
Multitiered or N-tiered client/server architecture
Cloud Computing types of services:
- Cloud infrastructure as a service
- Cloud platform as a service
- Cloud software as a service
____________was the first commercial computer with a powerful operating system that could provide time sharing, multitasking, and virtual
memory in more advanced models.
Mainframe IBM 360
is an industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure themselves, optimize and tune themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders and self-destruction.
Autonomic computing
it is a common framework for describing the tasks performed by a
Web service and the commands and data it will accept so that it can be used
by other applications
WSDL - Web services desription language
Is responsible for locating and managing stored Web pages.
Web server
Suite of communications protocols and a common addressing scheme that enables
millions of computers to connect together in one giant global network (the Internet).
TCP/IP 1974
Services for delivering and
providing access to software remotely as a Web-based service are now referred
Software as a service
Individual
users and entire companies mix and match these software components to
create their own customized applications and to share information with others.
Mashup
When did the era of personal computer start?
1981 - present
Standard desktop computer
WINTER PC (Windows operating system on a computer with intel microprocessor)
is a formal contract between customers and their service
providers that defines the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the
level of service expected by the customer.
Service level agreement
When does personal computer first truly appeared? And what are the example of those?
1970 and the examples are Apple I and II, Xerox alto.
Declining Communication costs and the Internet
As communication costs fall
toward a very small number and approach 0, utilization of communication and
computing facilities explodes.
Metcalfe’s Law and Network Economics
Robert Metcalfe in inventor of Ethernet local Area network - claimed in 1970 that the value or power of a network grows exponentially as a
function of the number of network members.
is software produced by a community of several
hundred thousand programmers around the world
Open source software
It consists of a set of physical devices and software applications that are required to operate the entire enterprise. It is also a set of firmwide services budgeted by management and comprising both human and technical capabilities.
IT Infrastructure
refers to a model of computing that provides access to a shared pool of computing resources (computers, storage, applications, and services), over a network, often the Internet.
Cloud Computing
provides a lightweight operating system for cloud computing using netbooks
Google’s Chrome OS
It is the perspective makes it easier to understand the business value provided by infrastructure investments.
Service platform
Standards and Network Effects
Technology standards are specifications that establish the compatibility of products and the
ability to communicate in a network
Standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information as a worldwide
web of electronic pages incorporating text, graphics, audio, and video enables
creation of a global repository of billions of Web pages.
World Wide Web (1989–1993)
Gordon Moore (1965), FCSRADL.
TRANSISTORS
Moore’s Law interpretation that none of which he stated
- power of microprocessors doubles every 18 months
- computing power doubles every 18 months;
- the price of computing falls by half every 18 months.
is a set of
rules for structuring messages that enables applications to pass data and
instructions to one another.
SOAP - Simple object access protocol
Management Issues
- Dealing with platform and infrastructure change
- Management and governance
- Making wise infrastructure investments (Rent-versus-buy decision)
refers to practices and technologies for designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated devices such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems to minimize impact on the
environment.
Green computing or Green IT
Law of Mass Digital Storage
Information doubling every year.
Enterprise computing era
1992 to present
Infrastructure Components
- Computer Hardware Platform
- Operating System Platform
- Enterprise software application
- Data management and storage
- Networking/Telecommunication platform
- Internet platform
- Consulting and system integration services
uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are
thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.
Nanotechnology
they purchase their computing services from remote
providers and pay only for the amount of computing power they actually use
or are billed on a monthly or annual subscription basis.
Utility computing or on-demand computing
1983 to present is the _______ era
client/server
Made it possible for computer machines from different manufacturers to exchange
data; later used as the universal language linking input and output devices such as
keyboards and mice to computers. Adopted by the American National Standards
Institute in
American Standard Code Interchange (ASCII) (1958)
TCP and IP
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
enables a Web service to be listed in a directory of
Web services so that it can be easily located.
UDDI - Universal Description Discovery and Integration
Law of Mass Digital Storage
Information doubling every year.
involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a virtual supercomputer by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.
Grid Computing
is an operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming language that has become the leading interactive
environment for the Web. Created by James Gosling and the Green Team at Sun Microsystems in 1992
Java
It handles all application operations between a user and an organization’s back-end business
systems.
Application Server
is an integrated circuit to which two or more processor cores have been attached for
enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient
simultaneous processing of multiple tasks.
Multicore processor
