chapter 7 Flashcards
MEMORY
what are the two places in the brain that develops in infancy in terms of memory?
- hippocampus - formation of memories (by 6 months)
- prefrontal cortex - retrieval of memories (by 2 years)
what was the study of Rovee Collier?
- 3 month olds learned to to move mobily by kicking legs with ribbon attached to them
- under 1 week - remembered the kicking response
- 2-4 weeks - they forgot but remembered with a cue
what is working memory?
used for briefly storing small amount of info
what were the 3 main feature of memory from this study?
- event from past can be remembered
- overtime event can’t be recalled
- cues can help to remember act
what is encoding, storage and retrieval?
encoding = processing info into memory system
storage = retention of recorded info over time
retrieval = process of getting info out of memory storage
what are the 4 strategies for remembering?
- maintenance rehearsal
- elaborative encoding
- organization
- superimposed meaningful structure
what is maintenance rehearsal? (rote rehearsal)
repetitively naming info and stimuli that is encountered and that is to be remembered
- children do this by age 7-8
eg. remembering a phone number until know it by heart
what is elaborative encoding?
the process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory
eg. can find the correct spelling of rehearsal as “re-hear-ing”
- use external aids to remember such as writing down in calendar
what happened in the craik and tulving study?
studied whether the level of processing had an impact on recalling
- ind presented with words and asked to make 3 types of judgements which required participants to process the info at diff levels which includes:
- visual - is it written in uppercase letters
- rhyme - does it rhyme with a given word
- semantic - does it fit into a sentence or is it
something u can wear
what happened in the stein et al study for elaboration?
- participants were university students who were both academically successful and less successful
- presented with sentences such as “the hungry man got into his
car…….” - tasked with finishing the sentences
findings
- stronger students made precise elaborations and better able to
recall them
what is metacognitive knowledge and the most important feature?
knowledge and awareness of cog processes (start to know about perception, attention, intentions etc.)
main feature:
cog self regulation = being able to have a skill at identifying goals and desires, selecting effective strategies and means and monitoring if these are the right means for achieving this goal
what is the term for making any judgement about memory in regard to yourself or others?
metamemory
what is organization?
categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items
- breaking down words into chunks (easier when we are knowledgeable within or about the field)
- people age 7+ can hold about 7 items in working memory
including chunks, numbers or letters
what is a script/schema?
mem structure used to describe the sequence in which events should occur
- what a child has in their mind about what should happen within certain events (can be distorted and not match their script)
eg. knows about pilots being male but seeing a female
pilot
at what age does memory span stop corresponding with age?
7
what are the 3 main superimposed meaningful structures to remember?
- songs and music
- verbal mediator
3.method of loci
what is mnemonics?
used to help remember something specific
how is music related to mnemonics?
- memorizing lines on a bass clef
eg. GBDFA - george bell died friday afternoon
what is a verbal mediator?
involves making an association between two ideas (bridge)
eg. hippocampus - picturing a hippo on a campus
what is autobiographical memory?
memory of specific experiences of our life including self related knowledge (semantic) and memory for significant events
- help ppl construct personal life history
- emerges gradually but prone to distortions over time
what is the fuzzy trace theory?
explains how false memories can occur and how remembering involves 2 things
1. gist memory trace = the meaning of an experience
2. verbatim memory trace = memory of specific details
what do children use more and what do adolescents and adults use more?
children use verbatim
adolescents and adults use gist
how does the gist and verbatim memories create confusion?
they are restored and recalled separately so if one trace is strong and the other is weak it creates confusion
