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chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Piaget’s theory of cog development and schemas?

A

children are mentally active from birth - seen as scientist

SCHEMA = makes sense of the world through categories of related events, objects and knowledge

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2
Q

what are the two ways that children adapt to their environment as they develop

A
  1. assimilation = adding to their schemas
  2. accommodation = refining their schemas
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3
Q

what is the example on cows of the previous question?

A
  • toddler schema for cows and then sees an a camel and calls it a cow
  • adds to her schema of big animals
  • make distinction between diff types of big animals (cows and camel)
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4
Q

what happens in disequilibrium an dhow to restore?

A

when children are spending more time accommodating than assimilating

current now outdated ways of thinking replaced with more advanced thinking way

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5
Q

what ages does revolutionary changes occur from Piaget?

A

2, 7 and 11

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6
Q

what are the 4 stages of piaget’s theory of cog development?

A
  1. sensorimotor stage (0-2)
  2. pre-operational stage (2-7)
  3. concrete operational stage (7-11)
  4. formal operational stage (11-17)
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7
Q

how many substages are in the sensorimotor stage?

A

6

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8
Q

what happens in substage 1 and 2?

A

substage 1 - exercising reflex schemas
- infants learn to control and coordinate inborn reflexes

substage 2 - primary circular reactions
- starts to gain voluntary control
- repeat behaviours that produce pleasant
sensations such as sucking thumbs

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9
Q

what happens in substage 3?

A

substage 3 - secondary circular reactions
- only 4-8 months
- actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in environment (imitating)

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10
Q

what happens in substage 4?

A

substage 4 - coordination of SCR
- engaging in goal directed behaviour intentionally
- strengthen imitation skills
- limited in object permanence

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11
Q

what is object permanence?

A

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
- “out of sight out of mind”
- not fully understood until 18 months

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12
Q

what is the a not b error?

A

still search for object at location A when they’ve seen it been moved to location B
- shows infants limited understanding of objects

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13
Q

what happens in substage 5?

A

substage 5 - tertiary circular reactions

  • 12-18 months
  • varying in their actions, experimenting, trial ad error
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14
Q

what happens in substage 6?

A

beginning of symbolic representations

  • 18-24 months
  • basing actions on mental representations
  • good for problem solving, symbolic play, imitation and using language
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15
Q

what does it mean to say that infants are highly variable?

A

always changing and mixing logic with magical thinking

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16
Q

what is the greatest cognitive strength in the pre operational stage?

A

symbolic capacity

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17
Q

what is the word for children in the preopp stage when they have a difficulty seeing the world from another point of view?

A

egocentrism

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18
Q

what can egocentrism lead to as well and its def?

A

animism

making inanimate objects have life and life like properties

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19
Q

what is the difference between what happens in age 2 and age 3?

A
  • age 2 plays pretend an uses their fantasy a lot
  • age 3 children are able to have a small idea that make believe is different from reality (less self centered)
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20
Q

what are the benefits of pretend play?

A

greater social competence
learn new roles
strengthens cognitive skills such as attention, memory and creativity

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21
Q

in terms of gender diff in play who focuses more on family relationships?

A

girls

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22
Q

what do boys tend to focus on in play?

A

adventure, use of weapons and fantasy

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23
Q

how does the use of “drawing” progress and the ages according to each stage?

A

scribbles - age 1.5-2
first rep forms - age 3-4
realistic drawings - 5-6

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24
Q

what is the term for how children do not have ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something happening without it acc needing to happen

A

mental operations

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25
Q

what is centration?

A

tendency to focus on only one feature of an object and excludes all other (tunnel vision)
- limits to childrens thinking

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26
Q

what are the 3 causes of centration?

A
  1. fails concentration - understanding that properties of objects remain the same even when outside changes
  2. egocentrism - cannot see other’s viewpoints and only yours
  3. children can confuse appearance and reality
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27
Q

what are the 5 main capabilities within the concrete stage ?

A
  1. decentration
  2. reversibility and conversation
  3. classification - grouping items, people and things
  4. seriation
  5. spatial reasoning
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28
Q

what is the definition of seriation?

A

ability to put items or things in order by either height or weight

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29
Q

what does spatial reasoning entail?

A

can draw maps of neighbourhoods or school with accuracy

30
Q

what is the term for the ability to think about how others perceive them and see that one person can feel one way but act another?

A

declining egocentrism

31
Q

what is the main idea of formal operation stage?

A

developing the capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking

32
Q

what does thinking about abstract concepts allow children to do?

A

ability to comprehend high order logics
eg. puns, proverbs, metaphors, analogies

growth of social thinking
- friendships, justice, honesty, freedom

hypothetical scenarios
- can think about how their lives can be affected by certain
choices they make

33
Q

what does Piaget mean when he says “thinking in multiple dimensions”?

A

ability to view things from more than one aspect at a time

eg. understand sarcasm and double meanings

34
Q

what is hypothetical deductive reasoning?

A

ability to think scientifically through generating hypothesis’ about the world and find information to support that is testable

35
Q

what does Piaget mean by propositional thought?

A

ability to evaluate the logic of propositions without referring to real world circumstances

  • means “if - then thinking”
36
Q

what is an example of “if-then” thinking?

A

all martians use facebook
joe is a martian
therefore, joe uses facebook

37
Q

how does metacognition and high introspection tie into the formal operational stage?

A

deals with how children monitor their own cognitive activity during thinking

increased introspection = thinking about ones own emotions

38
Q

what are the strengths of cog development?

A

children actively construct understandings of their worlds and start to learn about others from their views

conveys the nature of children’s thinking at diff stages (understand the specific things that happen at each stage)

39
Q

what were the 3 main contributions piaget made?

A
  1. he brought up the idea that cog processes are central to development
  2. sees children who are active in their development
  3. brought new things to light that ppl never thought of
40
Q

what are 4 main weakness of his theory?

A

UNDERESTIMATE CHILDREN’S ABILITIES

somethings to vague to be tested out

does not account for variability in childrens performance

undervalues the sociocultural influences on cog development

41
Q

what do core knowledge theories focus on?

A

understanding and manipulating other ppls thinking

42
Q

when does Piaget say that conceptual understanding begins and what do others say

A

Piaget says at 18 months while others say much sooner

43
Q

what are physical laws?

A

conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations overtime

44
Q

what is the violation of expectations method and the results?

A

showing babies an expected events followed by an impossible event

  • capable of representations as young as 3 and a half months
    old
45
Q

what happens at 6 months and 18 months in terms of categorization of objects?

A

6 months - categorize on the basis of shape, size, color (mentally)

18 months - physically sort objects into these categories

46
Q

from 6 to 18 months children move from ___________ (similar appearance) to ________ (common function)

A

perceptual, conceptual

47
Q

what is Wynn’s study in terms of counting in understanding objects and their properties?

A
  • idea that 5 year olds have core knowledge of basic number
    concepts (ability to discriminate between “one” and “two”)
48
Q

what does “theory theory” mean in terms if cause and affect relationships?

A

after observing an event children have the ability to draw on innate concepts to explain and theorize about what could have caused the event
- could be a psychological or physical cause

49
Q

what is native biology and what age does it start?

A

understanding diff between living things and inanimate objects

age 4

50
Q

what are the 4 ways to understand the diff between living things and inanimate objects?

A
  1. movement - animals move themselves
  2. animate get bigger and inanimate objects don’t
  3. inheritance - only living things can reproduce and pass genes
  4. healing - animate things heal while inanimate things have to
    be fixed
51
Q

what does “folk psychology mean in terms of understanding people?

A

ability to attribute mental states to others such as their beliefs, desires, intentions etc.

52
Q

what is the term for having the ability to copy or repeat an action or event after seeing the initial task or event being done

A

deferred imitation

53
Q

does deferred imitation improve as storage in our brain increases?

A

YES

54
Q

what does recent research say about children at the pre operational stage?

A

they are not egocentric and can acknowledge others POVs in certain situations (help find object they can see but adult can’t)

55
Q

what does the theory of mind state and how is it tested (def too)?

A

ability to think about how other ppl’s mental states affect their actions

tested using false belief tasks

56
Q

what are false belief tasks?

A

assessing whether people have the same or not the same mental ability as others (usually think ppl don’t have the same knowledge as them)

  • universal across studies -3 year olds make errors but 5 year olds don’t
  • lying is included
57
Q

what is the theorist and theory or perspective called where children are seen as products of their culture?

A

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

58
Q

what are 3 ways context organizes development?

A
  1. defines which cog activities are valued
  2. provides tools on how we should think
  3. cultural practices help children organize their knowledge and communication to others
59
Q

what is the nature of cog development according to vygotsky?

A

intersubjectivity

mutual shared understanding among ind in activity

60
Q

what did Vygotsky call the difference between what a child can do with assistance from someone experienced vs alone in terms of supporting collaborative learning?

A

zone of proximal development

61
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

teaching style that matches the amount of assistance needed to an individuals learning needs

62
Q

what does Vygotsky say are the 3 steps to regulate children’s behaviours?

A
  1. adults using language to guide children’s activity
  2. children using language to guide their own activity
  3. children internalizing private speech which becomes symbolic thought
63
Q

what is private speech?

A

speaking out loud to oneself

  • between speaking with others and thinking for oneself
  • helps to lead to self regulation
64
Q

what is the workings of the mind analogous to and the two “parts”? (info processing)

A

a computer

hardware = brain structures, neural connections, storage systems (working/long term
software = processes (problem solving, strategies (memory retreival)

65
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

info held in raw unanalyzed from very briefly (few seconds only)

66
Q

what is long term memory?

A

limitless permanent storehouse of knowledge of the world

67
Q

what is the role of the central executive?

A

moves info from working mem to long term

68
Q

what are the first two ways that cog development of childhood and adolescence are driven by in terms of info processing?

A
  1. increased working memory capacity
    - certain skills that were not automatic become automatic making space for working mem
  2. increased processing speeds
    - faster retrieval and problem solving (happens by faster
    myelination (discussed in previous chapter)
69
Q

what are the third and forth ways that cog development of childhood and adolescence are driven by in terms of info processing?

A
  1. use of better strategies for solving problems
    - heuristic - mental shortcuts
  2. more effective executive functioning
    - tuning out distractions, changing strategies when fails,
70
Q

what is the term for preventing task irrelevant info from entering working memory

A

inhibitory process

71
Q

what is the term for planning and cognitive flexibility

A

executive functioning

developmental psychology (6 decks)

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