Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psychology > chapter 13- gender differences > Flashcards

chapter 13- gender differences Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of sex?

A

biological attributes including chromosomes, gene expression, hormone levels and reproductive anatomy

eg. male or female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

are gender and sex the same thing?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the perception of the self as relatively masculine, feminine, both or neither on a wide spectrum is known as

A

gender identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cisgender?

A

identify with gender assigned at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the reflection of stereotypes in daily behaviour called?

A

gender roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are instrumental traits?

A

reflecting rationality, competence and assertiveness typically regarded as masculine (construction worker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are expressive traits?

A

emphasizing warmth, caring and sensitivity reflecting femininity (nurse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

your ideas about gender are shaped by….

A

your cultures beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is androgony?

A

coexistence of both instrumental and expressive traits in a person

  • more flex than ind who are strongly gender type
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what were the results of taylor et al?

A

physical properties - expected baby to acquire physical props associated with it biological sex

behavioural props - all participants at all ages claimed greater flexibility in behavioural properties for girls over boys (girls more likely to take on masculine traits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some factors to the idea of flexible views of gender?

A
  • increased age
  • girls see male traits as more attractive and higher status
  • social class
  • ethnicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some physical gender diff?

A
  • boys larger than girls (outperform them)
  • girls have more fat and less muscle
  • boys more active than girls (gets ancy more easily)
  • ## girls tend to be healthier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who is more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and language problems?

A

boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the gender diff in intellectual and achievement abilities?

A
  • girls have larger vocab and more talkative
  • left hemisphere matures quicker in girls
  • girls and boys equal now at standardized testing
  • girls more skilled at effortful control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is mental rotation in terms of spatial ability?

A

ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space

  • boys better at this (represent evolutionary adaptation for males and right hem of brain more specialized for spatial processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the gender diff in personality and social behaviour?

A
  • boys more aggressive (androgens make men more excited and easily angered
  • girls use aggression more in terms of hurting someones reputation in social groups
  • girls better express emotions (nature vs nurture)
  • girls more persuadable
  • girls more depressed (more social pressures and influences)
17
Q

what is the social learning view?

A

importance of social interactions and observational learning in shaping human behavior

18
Q

what are the 2 processes of the social learning view?

A
  1. modelling = children observe and imitate others
  2. differential reinforcement = modify behavior by selectively reinforcing specific behaviors while ignoring or even punishing others
    - used for engaging and reinforcing in gender appropriate behaviour
19
Q

how does the treatment of parents affect children’s learning?

A

younger children get more direct training of gender roles than older children

  • shown through bedroom decor, toys
  • fathers tend to encourage the roles social constructed to fit with each gender
  • mothers respond based on child’s ind needs
  • children who are exposed to non-stereotype adult models are less traditional in their beliefs (girls with male dominant)
20
Q

how does the treatment of teachers affect children’s learning?

A
  • tend to act in ways that maintain and extend gender roles taught at home
    eg. “i wish the boys would quiet down like the girls”
  • segregating groups into boys and girls
21
Q

how does the treatment of peers affect children’s learning?

A
  • positively reinforce each other for gender appropriate play
  • disapprove gender role violations
  • boys ridiculed and teased and receive harsher treatment
22
Q

who do boys and girls differ in their styles of influence?

A

boys : commands, threats, physical force (constricting)
girls : polite requests, concern for partner’s needs (enabling) - ineffective when used on boys

23
Q

how do some believe that contrasting styles has an evolutionary basis?

A

boys - establishing ones rank among males as the top males have better access to mates and better resources needed to offspring

girls - women traditionally left their own communities to live in husbands community (affiliative behaviours)

24
Q

how does the media affect children’s learning?

A
  • male characters have outnumbered the female characters in tv and movies

family films: 28% female
children’s shows: 31% female

  • this ratio between men and women are gradually getting closer
25
Q

how does the media affect children’s learning pt 2?

A
  • gender stereotypes in children’s stories, literature, video games, cartoons etc.
  • male characters are assertive and creative
  • female characters are submissive and dependent (damsel in distress)
  • more female characters taking on instrumental traits
  • better realistic depictions of transgender and non-binary characters
26
Q

what is kohlbergs cog developmental view?

A

a child’s own conceptions are central to the formation of gender role identity
- knowledge guides behaviour

27
Q

what are the 3 stages to the CDV?

A
  1. gender labelling = labeling oneself as boy or girl
  2. gender stability = understanding the stability of gender overtime (associating certain things with each gender)
  3. gender consistancy = gender doesn’t change over diff situations (same time children achieve conversation)
    - this is where they learn gender roles
28
Q
A
29
Q

what is the main criticism of this view?

A

it talks about a binary view of gender and fails to take in account transgender and non-binary identities

30
Q

what was the study of olson and golgoz?

A
  • long. study of children with non conforming gender identities who has to make a social transition
  • most know their identity with certainty from young age (gender constancy stage)
  • don’t follow a specific paths (can be cisgender and then gender fluid later on)
31
Q

what is the gender schema view?

A

individuals develop cognitive frameworks, or schemas, that influence their understanding and perceptions of gender

  • individuals learn gender roles and stereotypes through their experiences and interactions with their environment
32
Q

what was the study of Martin et al.?

A
  • children 4-5 years old shown gender neutral items such as bells or magnets and were told that they are associated with either boys or girls
  • found that girls preferred “girls” items and boys preferred “boys” items
33
Q

what are the 2 bio influences of gender differences?

A
  1. evolutionary based diff
  2. sex hormones
34
Q

what does evol. based diff mean?

A

in the past traits with adaptive value such as assertiveness and competitiveness in males and kindness and nurturing in females were selected

35
Q

what role does hormones play?

A
  • androgens affect play styles
  • children show string preference for same gender peers at age 6
  • can develop androgen abnormalities during prenatal development

eg. congenital adrenal hyperplasia - little male genitals in genetic females from enlarged clitoris (girls tend to prefer masc activities)

eg. androgen insensitivity syndrome - genetic males born with female external genitalia

developmental psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions