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developmental psychology > chapter 4: growth and health in childhood and adolescence > Flashcards

chapter 4: growth and health in childhood and adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two theories of how our body proportions develop? (birth to 2)

A
  1. proximodistal trend = centre of body outwards
  2. cephalocaudal trend = head downward
  • triple in weight
  • grows about 10 inch
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2
Q

physical growth (age 2 to puberty)

A
  • 7-8 cm and 3-4 kgs per year (before puberty)
  • 10cm or 7-8 kgs per year (puberty)
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3
Q

secular trends

A

marked changes in physical development occurring from one generation to the next
- includes height, onset of menstruation

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4
Q

what are the things to do in childhood for good nutrition?

A
  • breast feeding over bottle feeding
  • need macronutrients (carbs, fats and proteins)
  • need micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
  • start to introduce sold foods at 6 months
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5
Q

neophobia

A

irrational fear or dislike of anything new or unfamiliar
- best to overcome by re introducing new food (make take up to 15 times)

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6
Q

Fisher and Birch (food access to children)

A
  • restricting access to food focuses children’s attention to them and desire to eat them
  • using treats as bribes to eat healthy foods make children eat healthy foods less
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7
Q

obesity and its causes

A
  • continue to rise (approx 13% of canadian children and teens)
  • causes include overconsumption of unhealthy foods, heredity, lack of activity, lack of sleep, lack of access to healthy foods
  • protective factor - eating as family
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8
Q

what is the #1 cause of death of children over 1?

A

accidents

includes car, bicycle accidents, drowning, suffocating, falling etc.

  • need better and proper adult supervision
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9
Q

THE BRAIN IN CHILDHOOD

A
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10
Q

the brain at birth…..

A

contains most of the neurons it will ever have

will grow 4x larger by adulthood
grows until 6 layers of the mature brain

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11
Q

what are the 3 factors that cause a massive brain growth and what they mean?

A
  1. neuron connections = synaptogenesis (how our brain processes info from the environment and makes neural connections)
  2. myelination = myelin protects the nerve axons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses down myelin sheath
  3. synaptic pruning = loosing irrelevant and inactive synaptic connections
    - order - sensory and motor, language and spatial and attention and planning
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12
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

processing centre for:

  • perception of patterns, execution of complex motor sequences, planning and decision making, speech, personality etc.
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13
Q

what is lateralization?

A

either the left or right hemispheres of the brain are used more than others during tasks and daily activities
- eg. left or right handed chosen by 2

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14
Q

what the 2 major classes of development?

A
  1. experience expectant process = environment provides infants with necessary input to develop the neural connections to enable the baby to function
  2. experience dependent process = brain’s capacity to change in response to experience, repeated stimuli, environmental cues, and learning (eg. brain of an athlete)
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15
Q

what is plasticity?

A

extent to which the brains organization is flexible and affected by experience but development follows some general bio instructions

  • allows for diff parts of brain to control other functions if area is damaged
  • children better able to recover from brain damage than adults
  • recovery better for language skills than spatial skills
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16
Q

historical context of adolescence

A
  • only applied to youth at beginning of 20th century
  • teenager entered vocab in 1950s
  • time of transitions
17
Q

what did Hall, Freud and Dr. Phil say about adolescence?

A

“time of storm and stress”

“to be normal during adolescence is itself abnormal”

“teenage years can be a parent’s worst nightmare”

18
Q

psych issues during adolescence

A
  • conflicts with parents
  • mood instability (mood swings by extremes)
  • engage in risky behaviours (physical risks)
  • MINORITY 20% of teens
19
Q

rate of maturation for females

A

early - emotional problems, low self esteem, anti social behaviours, eating disorders

late - self confident, positive body image

  • deals with being sexually active, warn parental support
20
Q

rate of maturation for males

A

early - positive self image, antisocial behaviours

late - low self esteem, feelings of inadequacy

21
Q

what is the caloric intake for males and females during puberty?

A

girls
- 13-15 (2200 cal per day)
- 16-19 (2100 cal per day)

boys
- 13-15 (2800 cal per dat)
- 16-18 (3200 cal per day)

22
Q

role of sleep in adolescence

A
  • taking melatonin messed with sleep schedule
  • sleep deprivation affects behaviour control, emotions and attention
  • massive for brain maturity
23
Q

role of exercise in adolescence

A
  • physical activity enhances psychological well being and social relationships
  • joining sports teams = enhances self esteem and initiative
24
Q

what is depression and its symptoms?

A

most common psych disturbance among adolescents

  • emotional - sadness, unable to experience pleasure
  • cog - pessimism and hopelessness
  • motivational - apathy and boredom
  • physical - decrease in appetite, sleeping patterns
25
Q

why are girls after puberty more likely to experience depression?

A
  • gender roles
  • greater levels of stress in early teens
  • greater sensitivity to others
26
Q

what are the stats for suicide in adolescence?

A
  • 2nd cause of death for youth ages 15-24
  • 15% of boys and girls make serious attempts enough to need treatment
  • high attempt rates in certain groups
  • risk factors - depression, stress, genetic vulnerability
27
Q

what are the 3 most used substances used in adolescence?

A
  1. alcohol
  2. cannabis
  3. vaping
28
Q

what is body image and its impact?

A

self evaluation that an ind makes of their own body
- includes weight, body strength, shape and size

society emphasizes
- thinness for women
- high muscularity for men

29
Q

what is anorexia and its characteristics?

A

consistent undereating marked by fear of being over weight (through purging or excessive exercising)

  • affects 1% of adolescent girls

characteristics
- distorted body image and thoughts
- 15% of body weight lost
- physical issues such as sleeping and loss of strength

30
Q

what is bulimia and its characteristics?

A

binge eating episodes and purging by vomiting or laxatives

  • 2-4% girls
  • keeps with normal body weight but low self esteem
  • exercising excessively
  • happens 2x per week for 6 months
31
Q

what is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

distressing and impairing preoccupation with a non existing or slight imperfection in appearance

-eg. muscle in men

32
Q

what are the influences for eating disorders?

A

cultural pressures
overprotecting parenting (anorexia)
perfectionism (anorexia)
genetic vulnerability to disorders

33
Q

what is the impact of synaptic pruning and myelination in brain development in adolescence?

what parts fo the brain are mainly changed?

A
  • increased efficiency of information processing from the environment to out brain and the neural circuits
  • prefrontal cortex (logic and reasoning)
  • limbic system (emotions, drives, sexual)
34
Q

what happens when the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex

A

leads to risky behaviours including

  • belief in not being harmed or hurt
  • sensation seeking
  • impulsive and irrational
  • overconfidence (cocky)
  • susceptibility to peer influences and beliefs
35
Q

malnourishment and its effects on children

A
  • low IQ
  • difficulty with attention
  • damages brain which influences growth during critical periods
  • changes in parental teachings
36
Q

what are the 3 main ideas of integrated management of childhood illness?

A
  1. training health care prof more better
  2. improve healthcare systems
  3. changing community and fam practices
37
Q

what is the frontal cortex?

A
  • personality
  • ability to make and carry out plans
38
Q

what is a neural plate?

A

groups of cells that form a flat structure at 3 weeks after conception

at 4 weeks - folds into tube that becomes the brain and spinal cord

developmental psychology (6 decks)

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