chapter 12 - moral understanding and behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
what do recent studies say about prosociality being rooted in human nature?
A
children show understandings of fairness/unfairness and the ability to empathize at a young age
2
Q
what does hamlin and wynn’s study say about this?
A
infants show preference for helpful puppet over one who hinders others?
3
Q
what did warneken and tomasellos’ study show?
A
in several contexts most 18 month year old realized the experimenter needed help and done so without asking
4
Q
what did dunfield and kuhlmeier’s study find?
A
toddlers are more likely to help someone who has in turn made an effort to help the as well
5
Q
what is the ability to control ones thoughts, behaviours and emotions?
A
self control
6
Q
chronological of self control
A
age 1 - aware people impose demands, not free to do whatever
age 2 - some self control in. parents absence,
age 3 - self regulation and self control
7
Q
how do parents influence self control?
A
- better when they discuss disciplinary issues instead of asserting their parental power and being very strict
8
Q
what is delayed gradification?
A
delay pleasure in an effort to serve a more important and gratifying goal
- masterly progress with growth
9
Q
what is effortful control?
A
the inhibition of an action already under way
- focus attention, ignore distraction and inhibit inapprop responses
10
Q
what are the 2 main ways to reduce temptation?
A
- importance of long term goals over short term pleasure
- reducing attraction of tempting event
11
Q
what was shown in mischel et al’s marshmallow experience?
A
- children were given 1 marshmallow in the beginning and asked to wait until the researcher came back to eat it and ends up getting 2 marshmallows
- children able to delay grad using transcendence strategies such as distracting self, verbalizing benefits of holding out for bigger reward
12
Q
what things are associated with a high self control?
A
- better interpersonal skills
- more stable relationships
- higher grades
13
Q
what is the term for voluntary actions intended to benefit others such as sharing helping and showing compassion?
A
prosocial behaviours
14
Q
what are the 2 main possible reasons for doing a prosocial behaviour?
A
- altruistic motives (comforting a person who’s crying)
- 18 months to 2 years
- selfish motives
- sharing to get something in return
15
Q
main development of pro. behaviour?
A
- 18 months - appear concerned, give hugs
- toddler - comforting, understand others needs, limited altruistic behaviour
16
Q
what are the 3 main skills when making decisions to help?
A
- perspective talking = understand situation from anothers POV and how that person is reacting emotionally
- empathy
- moral reasoning = moral decisions on fairness and justice
17
Q
what are 4 main situational influences when deciding to be altruistic or not?
A
- feeling of responsibility = feel responsible to person. in need
- feelings of competence = feel they have skills necessary to help
- mood = help when happy or feeling successful
- cost of altruism = entails few sacrifices
18
Q
how does heredity influence prosocial behaviour through temperament?
A
- children less likely to help when they do not have self control
- when you are shy not likely to help (
19
Q
what are the 2 possible results of empathy?
A
- personal distress - self focused emotional reaction to another person’s distress
- sympathy - feeling of sorrow or pity for someone who is experiencing pain, hardship, or suffering (putting yourself in their shoes)
20
Q
how can parents contribute to a child prosocial behaviour?
A
- when you have a concern for their feelings its promotes and models how you can show empathy
eg. donating to charity
21
Q
what are the 2 modes of reasoning in Piagets cog development?
A
- heteronomous mortality
- autonomous mortality
22
Q
what does heteronomous mortality encompass?
A
- happens between ages 5-7
- moral realism - rules created by wise adults
- respect for external authority
- rules are absolute/unchangeable and must be strictly followed
- immanent justice = breaking rule always leads to punishment
23
Q
what does autonomous mortality encompass?
A
- happens between ages 8-10
- deals with moral relativism
- rules are flexible
- develops ideal reciprocity (treat others the way u would like to be treated)
24
Q
can children alternate between the two modes?
A
yes
25
what was the new finding to Piaget's idea?
children believe adults authority is limited (know when something is wrong even when adult says its ok)
26
what is kohlbergs theory and what are the 3 stages?
people develop their moral reasoning through a series of sequential stages, with each stage building upon the previous one
1. pre conventional level
2. conventional level
3. post conventional level
27
what is the pre conventional level?
moral reasoning is based on external forces (rewards and punishments
1. obedience to authority -adults know what is right and wrong
2. instrumental orientation - self interested and looking for one's needs
28
what is the conventional level?
look to societies norms for moral guidance
1. "good boy- good girl" orientation - people guided by aim of winning the approval of others
2. social order morality - people believe that societal laws are for the good of all people
29
what is the post conventional level?
morals based on a personal moral code
1. social contract = laws are good only as long as they benefit all group members
2. universal ethical principles = right and wrong defined by self chosen ethical principles
30
what was kohlbergs main study?
- presented boys ages 10, 13 and 16 with moral dilemmas and gave them a moral judgement interview
- less interested in their decisions but more focused on their rational for how they came to the decision
31
what are the advantages and support of kohlbergs theory?
- shows that people rarely skip stages
- research shows links of moral reasoning and moral action
- high levels - fighting for causes and following beliefs
- low levels - associated with delinquency
32
what are 2 main flaws to kohlbergs study?
1. moral reasoning advanced in some situations and not others
2. no cross cultural reliability - focuses on western cultures
33
how does cultural differences affect this theory?
- emphasizes ind rights and justice reflecting western values but non western cultures placed good of group over ind rights
34
what is the study done by Gibbs et al?
- dilemmas are replaced in favour of direct questions
eg. how important is it for a person without losing their life to save the life of a friend
- responses in many cultures reflect increasingly sophisticated moral judgements
35
what does Gilligan argue in terms of justice?
- says that it is more applicable to men than women as they are oriented to morality of care instead
- research doesn't support
36
who's main idea is that dilemmas did not reflect issues that children think about in their daily lives?
eisenberg
37
whta are the main domains when making social judgements?
- social conventions
- personal domain
38
what are social conventions?
arbituary standards of behaviour agreed to by cultural group to facilitate interactions within groups
- violate - talks about need to follow authority
39
what is personal domain?
choices pertaining to ones body and choices of friends or activities
- violates - talk about impact on victim
40
what do repeated events of a certain kind do emotionally to the child?
leads them to form scripts of the emotional consequences of diff actions and create categories of events that lead to similar emotional outcomes
41
what is moral reasoning influenced by?
- being exposed to more advanced moral reasoning from others is going to help yours improve
- religious involvement - greater concern for others, provides guidance and belief system, networking with other peers
42
what are the stages of eisenbergs prosocial reasoning in terms of self interest vs helping others?
1. hedonistic orientation - pursue their own pleasure
2. approval focused orientation - behave as society expects people to behave
3. empathetic orientation - consider others perspectives and how certain actions will make them feel
43
what are the 3 types of rules and examples?
1. moral rules (you shouldn't hit others)
2. social conventions (you should give up your seat on the bus to a handicapped person)
3. personal sphere rules = open to ind taste
eg. what to wear to school
44
children consistently judge violations of social conventions as more wrong than moral violations
false
45
8-10 year olds take into account _____ and a person's _____ when making moral judgements
context, intentions
46
what are the 3 influences on moral reasoning?
1. parenting styles (authoritative = higher level reasoning)
2. schooling - moral reasoning advances as long as person stays in school
3. peer interaction - foster awareness of other's perspectives
47
what is instrumental aggression?
achieve an explicit goal (shoving to get in front of line)
48
what is hostile aggression?
goal is to intimidate, harass or humiliate
49
what is reactive aggression?
child's behaviour leads to another child's aggression
50
what is relational aggression?
hurting others by undermining their social relationships
- more4 in girls
51
what comes first verbal or physical aggression?
physical
52
what are bio factors to aggression?
- genetic vulnerability - factors that place them at risk (temperament)
- hormones - boys have higher testosterone
- deficit in neurotransmitters that inhibit aggression
53
what are familial factors to aggression?
- physical punishment - children use this in their life to control others
- become labeled as aggressive child
- monitoring not happening leads to aggression
- presence of conflict in house
54
how does the influence of culture and community influence aggression?
- children exposed to violent media tend to become aggressive
- aggressive children become friends with aggressive children (gangs and antisocial)
- failure in school and bad grades
- being poor - stress
- Low SE neighbourhoods
55
victims of aggression who overract....
come from histile, punitive or even abusive homes
