Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psychology > chapter 12 - moral understanding and behaviour > Flashcards

chapter 12 - moral understanding and behaviour Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what do recent studies say about prosociality being rooted in human nature?

A

children show understandings of fairness/unfairness and the ability to empathize at a young age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does hamlin and wynn’s study say about this?

A

infants show preference for helpful puppet over one who hinders others?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did warneken and tomasellos’ study show?

A

in several contexts most 18 month year old realized the experimenter needed help and done so without asking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did dunfield and kuhlmeier’s study find?

A

toddlers are more likely to help someone who has in turn made an effort to help the as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the ability to control ones thoughts, behaviours and emotions?

A

self control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chronological of self control

A

age 1 - aware people impose demands, not free to do whatever

age 2 - some self control in. parents absence,

age 3 - self regulation and self control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do parents influence self control?

A
  • better when they discuss disciplinary issues instead of asserting their parental power and being very strict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is delayed gradification?

A

delay pleasure in an effort to serve a more important and gratifying goal
- masterly progress with growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is effortful control?

A

the inhibition of an action already under way

  • focus attention, ignore distraction and inhibit inapprop responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 2 main ways to reduce temptation?

A
  1. importance of long term goals over short term pleasure
  2. reducing attraction of tempting event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what was shown in mischel et al’s marshmallow experience?

A
  • children were given 1 marshmallow in the beginning and asked to wait until the researcher came back to eat it and ends up getting 2 marshmallows
  • children able to delay grad using transcendence strategies such as distracting self, verbalizing benefits of holding out for bigger reward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what things are associated with a high self control?

A
  1. better interpersonal skills
  2. more stable relationships
  3. higher grades
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the term for voluntary actions intended to benefit others such as sharing helping and showing compassion?

A

prosocial behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 2 main possible reasons for doing a prosocial behaviour?

A
  1. altruistic motives (comforting a person who’s crying)
    • 18 months to 2 years
  2. selfish motives
    • sharing to get something in return
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

main development of pro. behaviour?

A
  • 18 months - appear concerned, give hugs
  • toddler - comforting, understand others needs, limited altruistic behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 main skills when making decisions to help?

A
  1. perspective talking = understand situation from anothers POV and how that person is reacting emotionally
  2. empathy
  3. moral reasoning = moral decisions on fairness and justice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are 4 main situational influences when deciding to be altruistic or not?

A
  1. feeling of responsibility = feel responsible to person. in need
  2. feelings of competence = feel they have skills necessary to help
  3. mood = help when happy or feeling successful
  4. cost of altruism = entails few sacrifices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does heredity influence prosocial behaviour through temperament?

A
  • children less likely to help when they do not have self control
  • when you are shy not likely to help (
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 possible results of empathy?

A
  1. personal distress - self focused emotional reaction to another person’s distress
  2. sympathy - feeling of sorrow or pity for someone who is experiencing pain, hardship, or suffering (putting yourself in their shoes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how can parents contribute to a child prosocial behaviour?

A
  • when you have a concern for their feelings its promotes and models how you can show empathy
    eg. donating to charity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 2 modes of reasoning in Piagets cog development?

A
  1. heteronomous mortality
  2. autonomous mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does heteronomous mortality encompass?

A
  • happens between ages 5-7
  • moral realism - rules created by wise adults
  • respect for external authority
  • rules are absolute/unchangeable and must be strictly followed
  • immanent justice = breaking rule always leads to punishment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does autonomous mortality encompass?

A
  • happens between ages 8-10
  • deals with moral relativism
  • rules are flexible
  • develops ideal reciprocity (treat others the way u would like to be treated)
24
Q

can children alternate between the two modes?

A

yes

25
Q

what was the new finding to Piaget’s idea?

A

children believe adults authority is limited (know when something is wrong even when adult says its ok)

26
Q

what is kohlbergs theory and what are the 3 stages?

A

people develop their moral reasoning through a series of sequential stages, with each stage building upon the previous one

  1. pre conventional level
  2. conventional level
  3. post conventional level
27
Q

what is the pre conventional level?

A

moral reasoning is based on external forces (rewards and punishments

  1. obedience to authority -adults know what is right and wrong
  2. instrumental orientation - self interested and looking for one’s needs
28
Q

what is the conventional level?

A

look to societies norms for moral guidance

  1. “good boy- good girl” orientation - people guided by aim of winning the approval of others
  2. social order morality - people believe that societal laws are for the good of all people
29
Q

what is the post conventional level?

A

morals based on a personal moral code

  1. social contract = laws are good only as long as they benefit all group members
  2. universal ethical principles = right and wrong defined by self chosen ethical principles
30
Q

what was kohlbergs main study?

A
  • presented boys ages 10, 13 and 16 with moral dilemmas and gave them a moral judgement interview
  • less interested in their decisions but more focused on their rational for how they came to the decision
31
Q

what are the advantages and support of kohlbergs theory?

A
  • shows that people rarely skip stages
  • research shows links of moral reasoning and moral action
  • high levels - fighting for causes and following beliefs
  • low levels - associated with delinquency
32
Q

what are 2 main flaws to kohlbergs study?

A
  1. moral reasoning advanced in some situations and not others
  2. no cross cultural reliability - focuses on western cultures
33
Q

how does cultural differences affect this theory?

A
  • emphasizes ind rights and justice reflecting western values but non western cultures placed good of group over ind rights
34
Q

what is the study done by Gibbs et al?

A
  • dilemmas are replaced in favour of direct questions
    eg. how important is it for a person without losing their life to save the life of a friend
  • responses in many cultures reflect increasingly sophisticated moral judgements
35
Q

what does Gilligan argue in terms of justice?

A
  • says that it is more applicable to men than women as they are oriented to morality of care instead
  • research doesn’t support
36
Q

who’s main idea is that dilemmas did not reflect issues that children think about in their daily lives?

A

eisenberg

37
Q

whta are the main domains when making social judgements?

A
  • social conventions
  • personal domain
38
Q

what are social conventions?

A

arbituary standards of behaviour agreed to by cultural group to facilitate interactions within groups

  • violate - talks about need to follow authority
39
Q

what is personal domain?

A

choices pertaining to ones body and choices of friends or activities

  • violates - talk about impact on victim
40
Q

what do repeated events of a certain kind do emotionally to the child?

A

leads them to form scripts of the emotional consequences of diff actions and create categories of events that lead to similar emotional outcomes

41
Q

what is moral reasoning influenced by?

A
  • being exposed to more advanced moral reasoning from others is going to help yours improve
  • religious involvement - greater concern for others, provides guidance and belief system, networking with other peers
42
Q

what are the stages of eisenbergs prosocial reasoning in terms of self interest vs helping others?

A
  1. hedonistic orientation - pursue their own pleasure
  2. approval focused orientation - behave as society expects people to behave
  3. empathetic orientation - consider others perspectives and how certain actions will make them feel
43
Q

what are the 3 types of rules and examples?

A
  1. moral rules (you shouldn’t hit others)
  2. social conventions (you should give up your seat on the bus to a handicapped person)
  3. personal sphere rules = open to ind taste
    eg. what to wear to school
44
Q

children consistently judge violations of social conventions as more wrong than moral violations

A

false

45
Q

8-10 year olds take into account _____ and a person’s _____ when making moral judgements

A

context, intentions

46
Q

what are the 3 influences on moral reasoning?

A
  1. parenting styles (authoritative = higher level reasoning)
  2. schooling - moral reasoning advances as long as person stays in school
  3. peer interaction - foster awareness of other’s perspectives
47
Q

what is instrumental aggression?

A

achieve an explicit goal (shoving to get in front of line)

48
Q

what is hostile aggression?

A

goal is to intimidate, harass or humiliate

49
Q

what is reactive aggression?

A

child’s behaviour leads to another child’s aggression

50
Q

what is relational aggression?

A

hurting others by undermining their social relationships

  • more4 in girls
51
Q

what comes first verbal or physical aggression?

A

physical

52
Q

what are bio factors to aggression?

A
  • genetic vulnerability - factors that place them at risk (temperament)
  • hormones - boys have higher testosterone
  • deficit in neurotransmitters that inhibit aggression
53
Q

what are familial factors to aggression?

A
  • physical punishment - children use this in their life to control others
  • become labeled as aggressive child
  • monitoring not happening leads to aggression
  • presence of conflict in house
54
Q

how does the influence of culture and community influence aggression?

A
  • children exposed to violent media tend to become aggressive
  • aggressive children become friends with aggressive children (gangs and antisocial)
  • failure in school and bad grades
  • being poor - stress
  • Low SE neighbourhoods
55
Q

victims of aggression who overract….

A

come from histile, punitive or even abusive homes

developmental psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions