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Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is secularism?

A

From the root word ‘secular’, meaning not connected with religious or spiritual matters.

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2
Q

What is the assimilation policy?

A

When the govt. of a country adopts this policy, immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group in the host country.

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3
Q

What is the gradual result of assimilation?

A

Over time, identity of immigrants should be indistinguishable from majority groups in aspects like cultural beliefs and practices.

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4
Q

Elaborate on assimilation policy in France

A

Secularism law was passed in 1905.
-> illegal for any collection of data regarding a citizen’s race, ethnicity or religion.

The government wanted to shape a strong French national identity that is not linked to factors based on race, ethnicity, religion or SES.

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5
Q

How is ideal harmony attained in France?

A

Ideal harmony in society is achieved through every individual putting aside their affiliations to race and ethnicity, religion and SES.

Diversity does not overshadow the national identity that binds all French citizens.

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6
Q

What does formalise mean?

A

To make an arrangement, a plan or a relationship official

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7
Q

What does affiliation mean?

A

A connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organisation

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8
Q

What is a colony?

A

A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

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9
Q

What are the 3 areas that France’s assimilation policy is implemented in?

A
  1. Education
  2. Naturalisation
  3. Employment
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10
Q

Describe education in France

A

-No discussion of religion except in History and Philosophy classes

-Adaptation classes are conducted for children of immigrants to improve their French and eventually join regular French schools
–> serves to ensure the assimilation of minority groups into secular French society

-Treating every individual equally = a strengthened French national identity

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11
Q

Describe employment in France

A

-Diversity Charter – allows companies to articulate their support for a discrimination-free workplace
–> allows diversity to flourish in the workplace and,
support the assimilation of immigrants into French society

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12
Q

Describe naturalisation in France

A

-Naturalisation programmes help to assimilate immigrants
–> help them develop basic knowledge about life in France

-Necessary to undergo French language courses and attend a day of civic education.

-In order to be eligible for French nationality, one must:
1. Demonstrate knowledge of history and culture of France
2. Be proficient in French
3. Pass a French cultural test

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13
Q

What is the integration policy?

A

An approach where:
-Immigrants retain their unique identities
-Over time they will forge common ground with groups already living in the host country

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14
Q

Elaborate on integration policy in SG

A

-Promotes equality without granting special rights to any particular racial, ethnic or religious group

-Diverse socio-cultural identities complement the national identity of being a S’porean with their unique identities

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15
Q

What is social capital?

A

The social networks of people where one connects with others and gains trust, reciprocity, information and cooperation from others within the networks

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16
Q

What is civic education?

A

The learning of the processes that affect people’s beliefs, commitments, capabilities and actions as members of a community

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17
Q

Name examples of SG promoting harmony

A
  • Multiculturalism
    –> Forge common bonds and recognising and respecting differences
  • Bilingual policy

-Presidential council of Minority Rights (PCMR)

-Group Representation Constituency (GRC)

-Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP)

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18
Q

Describe bilingual policy in SG. Give reasons for its implementation.

A

-Students are expected to learn English and one Mother Tongue language (MTL)
–> English: a common language to foster sense of belonging and promote integration across different ethnic groups
–> MTL: preserve our cultural identity and heritage

19
Q

Describe Presidential Council of Minority Rights (PCMR)

A

-Created to be a safeguard to ensure laws passed by Singapore’s Parliament are not discriminatory against any racial or religious community

20
Q

Describe Group Representation Constituency (GRC)

A

-Ensures that concerns and needs of minority racial groups are represented in Singapore’s Parliament

-At least one of the candidates in the team contesting in a GRC has to come from a minority ethnic group

21
Q

Describe Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP)

A

-Introduced in 1989 to achieve a balanced ethnic mix in HDB estates
–> Prevent the formation of ethnic enclaves

-Opportunities to interact –> strengthens social cohesion in SG

22
Q

What are enclaves?

A

A portion of territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct

23
Q

Name 3 types of integration initiatives

A
  1. Naturalisation initiatives
  2. Common experiences
  3. Community support
24
Q

Describe naturalisation initiatives in SG

A

-New Singapore citizens would go through a mandatory programme called The Singapore Citizenship Journey

-New citizens have up to two months to complete this programme before they can receive their Singapore identity cards and citizenship certificates

-The Singapore Citizenship Journey: Three part programme
Singapore Citizenship e-Journey –> Singapore Experiential Tour –> Community Sharing Session

25
Q

Describe common experiences in SG

A
  • Build ties to develop better understanding and interactions outside immigrants’ own communities
  1. New Singapore Permanent Resident (SPR) quota
    -Introduced for non-Malaysian SPR households buying HDB flats
    -5% for neighbourhoods and 8% for blocks
    -To facilitate better integration of SPR households and prevent enclaves from forming in public housing estates
  2. National Service
    - Brings people from diverse racial, religious, language and educational backgrounds to train, live and serve together
    -Life-shaping experiences to foster social cohesiveness and create a strong national identity
26
Q

Describe community support in SG

A

-New immigrants can be integrated through grassroots-organised events

-In September 2009, the National Integration Council (NIC) launched the Community Integration Fund (CIF) to support organisations interested in implementing ground-up integration initiatives

For example:
Mobile application ‘SG Sauce’
–> Provides users with information about the Singaporean way of life

-Initiatives organised by People’s Association (PA)

For example:
-Block parties, festive celebrations, home visits and orientation tours
-Some new immigrants serve as Integration and Naturalisation Champions (INCs) and visited the homes of recently confirmed PRs and new SC’s to invite them to activities
-Help new immigrants adapt to life in Singapore
-Common experiences help alleviate the anxiety faced by new immigrants when adjusting to their new home

27
Q

How does the government manage Socio-Economic diversity?

A

By ensuring public goods are available to their citizens. One of the ways is through healthcare

28
Q

What are the 3 approaches to healthcare? Name a country for each approach

A
  1. Market-based approach (USA)
  2. Shared responsibility approach (SG)
  3. Government-financed approach (Sweden)
29
Q

Expound market-based approach in USA

A

-Government gives citizens the freedom to decide how much they wish to pay for healthcare
-Americans emphasise heavily on individual responsibility when it comes to healthcare
-Allows the market to determine the provision of services to meet healthcare needs.
–> Government does not monitor or regulate the types of medical services, pricing of services by healthcare providers, as well as the choices of individuals to select their preferred healthcare services.

Problems:
-Americans have to cope with the costs of healthcare largely on their own
-Healthcare prices vary

30
Q

What is a mammogram?

A

The process of X-rays for early detection of breast cancer

31
Q

What is a medical insurance premium?

A

The amount of money paid by the insured to the insurer for covering the risks of medical conditions

32
Q

Expound shared responsibility approach in SG
(Hint: describe it, give examples and state issues)

A

-Government has a moderate level of intervention in the provision of healthcare. Government shares the costs of some aspects of healthcare with the individual and community.

Healthcare financing policies:
-Healthcare subsidies
-Medisave
-MediShield Life
-Medifund

Problems:
-Ageing population
-Rising healthcare costs

33
Q

What are inpatient beds?

A

Beds occupied by patients for at least one night in the course of medical treatment sought

34
Q

What does risk-pool mean?

A

The pooling together of insurance premiums to safeguard against large payouts for severe medical conditions

35
Q

What is the meaning of deductible?

A

The medical expenses to be paid by the insured before the insurer covers the rest of the cost. For instance, the deductible under MediShield Life can be paid by Medisave or cash

36
Q

What is sedentary?

A

A way of life characterised by much sitting and little physical exercise

37
Q

Expound government-financed approach in Sweden

A

-Sweden has a fundamental belief that all citizens should have access to healthcare services regardless of background and socio-economic status.
-Government has a high level of intervention when it comes to healthcare

Problems:
-High taxes
-Irresponsible consumption
-Ageing population

38
Q

What is private insurance policy?

A

A form of insurance policy purchased from insurance companies by the individual. This is different from a public insurance policy where it is a government-provided form of insurance.

39
Q

What is remuneration?

A

Payment for work or services

40
Q

What is Goods and Services Tax (GST)

A

A form of tax by the Singapore government. It is placed on goods and services provided by companies that earn more than S$1 million annually and are GST-registered. In Singapore, the GST rate is 7%

41
Q

What is a homogenous society?

A

A society where most people share a common language, race and ethnicity, religion and culture

42
Q

What is the European Union (EU)?

A

An association of European countries that conducts free trade between its members and charges a common external tax on trade with non-EU countries. Some members of the EU also use a common currency, the Euro.

43
Q

What is government revenue?

A

The annual income from which public expenses are met

44
Q

What is taxation?

A

Compulsory monetary contributions required by the government on workers’ income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services and transactions

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