Chapter 6.7 - Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who or what is the central element of the SHELL model of human factors?

A

The Pilot.

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2
Q

What does liveware to liveware interface simulate?

A

The interface between the Pilot and other people.

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3
Q

True or False. Stress affects everyone in the same way?

A

False.

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4
Q

The most common type of stress is (acute/chronic) and results from pressures occurring at a given time?

A

Acute.

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5
Q

True or False. Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awake?

A

True.

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6
Q

Give an example of when a low level of stress or under-arousal may equate to complacency or boredom in a Pilot which can be dangerous due to lack of attention?

A

During extended cruising flight in perfect weather.

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7
Q

A Pilot’s performance will generally (deteriorate/improve) with the onset of stress/arousal and increase as arousal increases to moderate levels?

A

Improve.

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8
Q

What happens to a Pilot’s performance as stress levels increase to the point where panic sets in?

A

Performance rapidly deteriorates.

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9
Q

List four physical stressors associated with environmental stress?

A
  • Temperature and Humidity.
  • Noise.
  • Vibration.
  • Oxygen Deprivation.
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10
Q

What is the body’s most comfortable temperature range?

A

Between 15° and 30°C.

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11
Q

The body is most comfortable at a relative humidity of around (80%/50%)?

A

50%.

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12
Q

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold can cause (a heightened awareness/drowsiness)?

A

Drowsiness.

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13
Q

A Pilot with heat stress symptoms is likely to lose (consciousness/concentration)?

A

Concentration.

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14
Q

Psychological stressors can exist in the workplace. Name three potential sources of stress at work?

A
  • Peers.
  • Management.
  • Scheduling.
  • Career Uncertainty.
  • Operational Issues.
  • Training Courses.
  • Check Flights.
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15
Q

List three major life-based stressors?

A
  • Loss of Income.
  • Serious Illness.
  • Death of a Family Member.
  • Conflict in Relationships.
  • Change in Residence.
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16
Q

True or False. Coping strategies for acute stress are of an immediate nature and often just involve taking a short break and/or doing some deep breathing exercises, depending on your situation?

A

True.

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17
Q

True or False. Action coping is a strategy whereby individual takes some action to remove the stress by changing the situation?

A

True.

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18
Q

One strategy used to cope with stress involves conscious detachment or even denying a problem exists. This strategy is called (action coping/cognitive coping)?

A

Cognitive Coping.

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19
Q

A go/no-go decision should be made (before each flight/only when a medical issue is evident)?

A

Before Each Flight.

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20
Q

True or False. A fatigued Pilot tends to lack concentration, is forgetful and makes errors of judgement?

A

True.

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21
Q

The symptom of stress and fatigue are similar in that they can be emotional, behavioural or physical. Name three such symptoms?

A
  • Irritability.
  • Anger.
  • Headache.
  • Anxiety.
  • Depression.
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22
Q

When energy reserves in our body have been seriously depleted for some reason, we are said to be (stressed/fatigued)?

23
Q

List three possible causes of fatigue in Pilots?

A
  • Mild Hypoxia.
  • Physical Exertion.
  • Dehydration.
  • Excessive Caffeine.
  • Poor Cockpit Design.
  • Environmental Factors.
  • Mental Stress.
24
Q

True or False. Chronic fatigue is cumulative and usually extends over a relatively short term?

25
Q

What is the best way to prevent or avoid fatigue?

A

Obtain adequate sleep.

26
Q

True or False. Attention to personal fitness, relaxation and a proper diet is good management strategy to avoid or minimise fatigue?

27
Q

List the three distinct types of memory?

A
  • Short-term.
  • Long-term.
  • Sensory Memory.
28
Q

What is another name for short-term memory?

A

Working Memory.

29
Q

One limitation of STM is that without constant rehearsal, information is forgotten within a very short time between (10 to 20 seconds/10 to 20 minutes)?

A

10 to 20 seconds.

30
Q

A characteristic of STM is that it is mainly (visual/acoustic)?

31
Q

Short-term memory is (subject to error/almost error-free)?

A

Almost error-free.

32
Q

The number of items that can be retained in short-term memory is about (twenty/seven)?

33
Q

True or False. The number of items that can be retained in short-term memory is increased by the grouping of material?

34
Q

Semantic memory is one type of LTM and is associated with (meaning/specific events)?

35
Q

The reliability of our recall depends on how well information has been coded into our (STM/LTM)?

36
Q

The (semantic/episodic) part of LTM is subject to error?

37
Q

What is motor memory?

A

Automatic acquiring of motor skills.

38
Q

True or False. Because motor skill acquisition is automatic, it does not require conscious monitoring?

39
Q

List the three types of attention?

A
  • Focused.
  • Selective.
  • Divided.
40
Q

Sensation, perception, decision and response are the four stages of (long-term memory/information processing)?

A

Information Processing.

41
Q

Sounds last for between (2 to 8 seconds/half to 1 second) in the auditory sensory?

A

2 to 8 seconds.

42
Q

Visual images in our sensory memory last for about (one minute/one second)?

A

One second.

43
Q

(Attitudes/Personalities) can be changed?

A

Attitudes.

44
Q

People who think they are invulnerable are (more likely/less likely) to take risks?

A

More likely.

45
Q

Those who are smugly self-satisfied and think every flight will be the same, are said to have (an impulsive/a complacent) attitude?

A

A Complacent.

46
Q

Autocratic Pilots, particularly those that have developed a ‘what’s the use’ attitude, (are/are not) usually effective in emergencies?

47
Q

True or False. Deeply-held attitudes are quire resistant to change?

48
Q

Pilots with a (it won’t happen to me/Macho) attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks to impress others?

49
Q

What is the antidote for an ‘anti-authoritarian’ attitude?

A

Following the rules.

50
Q

The way humans behave is influenced by, among other things, (personality/attitudes/both personality and attitudes)?

A

Both Personality and Attitudes.

51
Q

From an aviation perspective, the most effective division of behaviour is into three types. What are they?

A
  • Skill-based.
  • Rule-based.
  • Knowledge-based.
52
Q

The personality type for most Pilots is a (stable introvert/stable extrovert)?

A

Stable Extrovert.

53
Q

An aggressive and changeable person is most likely to be (a stable introvert/an anxious extrovert)?

A

An Anxious Extrovert.

54
Q

People who are resigned to their fate and are reluctant to speak up or do something different if the situation demands it, are showing a hazardous attitude called (impulsivity/resignation)?

A

Resignation.