Chapter 6.7 - Exam Review

Question 1

Who or what is the central element of the SHELL model of human factors?

Answer 1

The Pilot.

Question 2

What does liveware to liveware interface simulate?

Answer 2

The interface between the Pilot and other people.

Question 3

True or False. Stress affects everyone in the same way?

Answer 3

False.

Question 4

The most common type of stress is (acute/chronic) and results from pressures occurring at a given time?

Answer 4

Acute.

Question 5

True or False. Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awake?

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

Give an example of when a low level of stress or under-arousal may equate to complacency or boredom in a Pilot which can be dangerous due to lack of attention?

Answer 6

During extended cruising flight in perfect weather.

Question 7

A Pilot’s performance will generally (deteriorate/improve) with the onset of stress/arousal and increase as arousal increases to moderate levels?

Answer 7

Improve.

Question 8

What happens to a Pilot’s performance as stress levels increase to the point where panic sets in?

Answer 8

Performance rapidly deteriorates.

Question 9

List four physical stressors associated with environmental stress?

Answer 9

• Temperature and Humidity.
• Noise.
• Vibration.
• Oxygen Deprivation.

Question 10

What is the body’s most comfortable temperature range?

Answer 10

Between 15° and 30°C.

Question 11

The body is most comfortable at a relative humidity of around (80%/50%)?

Answer 11

50%.

Question 12

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold can cause (a heightened awareness/drowsiness)?

Answer 12

Drowsiness.

Question 13

A Pilot with heat stress symptoms is likely to lose (consciousness/concentration)?

Answer 13

Concentration.

Question 14

Psychological stressors can exist in the workplace. Name three potential sources of stress at work?

Answer 14

• Peers.
• Management.
• Scheduling.
• Career Uncertainty.
• Operational Issues.
• Training Courses.
• Check Flights.

Question 15

List three major life-based stressors?

Answer 15

• Loss of Income.
• Serious Illness.
• Death of a Family Member.
• Conflict in Relationships.
• Change in Residence.

Question 16

True or False. Coping strategies for acute stress are of an immediate nature and often just involve taking a short break and/or doing some deep breathing exercises, depending on your situation?

Answer 16

True.

Question 17

True or False. Action coping is a strategy whereby individual takes some action to remove the stress by changing the situation?

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

One strategy used to cope with stress involves conscious detachment or even denying a problem exists. This strategy is called (action coping/cognitive coping)?

Answer 18

Cognitive Coping.

Question 19

A go/no-go decision should be made (before each flight/only when a medical issue is evident)?

Answer 19

Before Each Flight.

Question 20

True or False. A fatigued Pilot tends to lack concentration, is forgetful and makes errors of judgement?

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

The symptom of stress and fatigue are similar in that they can be emotional, behavioural or physical. Name three such symptoms?

Answer 21

• Irritability.
• Anger.
• Headache.
• Anxiety.
• Depression.

Question 22

When energy reserves in our body have been seriously depleted for some reason, we are said to be (stressed/fatigued)?

Answer 22

Fatigued.

Question 23

List three possible causes of fatigue in Pilots?

Answer 23

• Mild Hypoxia.
• Physical Exertion.
• Dehydration.
• Excessive Caffeine.
• Poor Cockpit Design.
• Environmental Factors.
• Mental Stress.

Question 24

True or False. Chronic fatigue is cumulative and usually extends over a relatively short term?

Answer 24

False.

Question 25

What is the best way to prevent or avoid fatigue?

Answer 25

Obtain adequate sleep.

Question 26

True or False. Attention to personal fitness, relaxation and a proper diet is good management strategy to avoid or minimise fatigue?

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

List the three distinct types of memory?

Answer 27

• Short-term.
• Long-term.
• Sensory Memory.

Question 28

What is another name for short-term memory?

Answer 28

Working Memory.

Question 29

One limitation of STM is that without constant rehearsal, information is forgotten within a very short time between (10 to 20 seconds/10 to 20 minutes)?

Answer 29

10 to 20 seconds.

Question 30

A characteristic of STM is that it is mainly (visual/acoustic)?

Answer 30

Acoustic.

Question 31

Short-term memory is (subject to error/almost error-free)?

Answer 31

Almost error-free.

Question 32

The number of items that can be retained in short-term memory is about (twenty/seven)?

Answer 32

Seven.

Question 33

True or False. The number of items that can be retained in short-term memory is increased by the grouping of material?

Answer 33

True.

Question 34

Semantic memory is one type of LTM and is associated with (meaning/specific events)?

Answer 34

Meaning.

Question 35

The reliability of our recall depends on how well information has been coded into our (STM/LTM)?

Answer 35

LTM.

Question 36

The (semantic/episodic) part of LTM is subject to error?

Answer 36

Episodic.

Question 37

What is motor memory?

Answer 37

Automatic acquiring of motor skills.

Question 38

True or False. Because motor skill acquisition is automatic, it does not require conscious monitoring?

Answer 38

False.

Question 39

List the three types of attention?

Answer 39

• Focused.
• Selective.
• Divided.

Question 40

Sensation, perception, decision and response are the four stages of (long-term memory/information processing)?

Answer 40

Information Processing.

Question 41

Sounds last for between (2 to 8 seconds/half to 1 second) in the auditory sensory?

Answer 41

2 to 8 seconds.

Question 42

Visual images in our sensory memory last for about (one minute/one second)?

Answer 42

One second.

Question 43

(Attitudes/Personalities) can be changed?

Answer 43

Attitudes.

Question 44

People who think they are invulnerable are (more likely/less likely) to take risks?

Answer 44

More likely.

Question 45

Those who are smugly self-satisfied and think every flight will be the same, are said to have (an impulsive/a complacent) attitude?

Answer 45

A Complacent.

Question 46

Autocratic Pilots, particularly those that have developed a ‘what’s the use’ attitude, (are/are not) usually effective in emergencies?

Answer 46

Are not.

Question 47

True or False. Deeply-held attitudes are quire resistant to change?

Answer 47

True.

Question 48

Pilots with a (it won’t happen to me/Macho) attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks to impress others?

Answer 48

Macho.

Question 49

What is the antidote for an ‘anti-authoritarian’ attitude?

Answer 49

Following the rules.

Question 50

The way humans behave is influenced by, among other things, (personality/attitudes/both personality and attitudes)?

Answer 50

Both Personality and Attitudes.

Question 51

From an aviation perspective, the most effective division of behaviour is into three types. What are they?

Answer 51

• Skill-based.
• Rule-based.
• Knowledge-based.

Question 52

The personality type for most Pilots is a (stable introvert/stable extrovert)?

Answer 52

Stable Extrovert.

Question 53

An aggressive and changeable person is most likely to be (a stable introvert/an anxious extrovert)?

Answer 53

An Anxious Extrovert.

Question 54

People who are resigned to their fate and are reluctant to speak up or do something different if the situation demands it, are showing a hazardous attitude called (impulsivity/resignation)?

Answer 54

Resignation.