Chapter 67 Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What are the manifestations of ischemic heart disease?
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Congestive heart failure
What is Angina pectoris?
Chest pain (most common symptom of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease)
Where is Angina pectoris?
Middle of the chest and can radiate to the arms and neck or even the mandible
How long does Angina pectoris usually last?
1-5 minutes
What are the precipitating factors of stable Angina pectoris?
Exertion or exercise, emotion, or a heavy meal
What are the precipitating factors of unstable Angina pectoris?
No exertion or exercise. It can occur when the patient is at rest and intensity can vary
What is the treatment for Angina pectoris?
A vasodilator, usually nitroglycerin, placed sublingually
And BLS with supplemental oxygen
What is myocardial infarction?
The most extreme symptom of ischemic heart disease that results from a sudden reduction of coronary blood flow
What are other names for myocardial infarction?
Heart attack, coronary occlusion, and coronary thrombosis
What is the most common artery associated with MI?
The anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
What’s the cause of MI?
Can be a thrombosis that blocks artery already narrowed by atherosclerosis. The blockage created an area of infarction which leads to necrosis of the area
Symptoms of MI
Pain (may start under sternum, with indigestion, or in mid to upper sternum) that can last for hours and feels like a pressing or crushing heavy sensation
Cold sweats, weakness, faintness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting
Blood pressure can drop
Women do not have the same symptoms as men!
Does nitroglycerin help MI?
NO
Onset of pain for MI
Sudden onset that can happen during sleep or exercise
Management during MI attack
Terminate treatment
Sit pt up for comfortable breathing
Give nitroglycerin and reassure pt
Get medical assistance
When nitroglycerin does not reduce pain prepare for BLS
Call emt
Use medical emergency report and record vital signs
Apply basic life support measures and transport to hospital
What is heart failure?
When there is an abnormal cardiac function tay is responsible for failure of the heart to pump blood at necessary rate to meet the oxygen needs of the body
Considered an end stage heart condition and results from many forms of cvd’s and can be related to a number of other systemic conditions
Heart failure
What are examples of diseases that contribute to heart failure?
Coronary heart disease Hypertension Diabetes Arrhythmias Congenital heart disease Thyroid disorders Alcohol or drug use such as cocaine HIV/AIDS
What do the clinical manifestations of heart failure coincide with?
The parts of the heart involved
Symptoms of heart failure
Usually different depending on which side of the heart is affected.
General effects are extreme weakness, fatigue, fear, and anxiety
What are the signs of left heart failure?
Weakness Fatigue Dyspnea Shortness of breath when lying supine and relieves when sitting up Cough or expectoration Nocturia (urinate frequently at night) Pallor. Sweating cold skin Diastolic BP increases Heart rate rapid Anxiety, fear
Symptoms of Right heart failure
Weakness, fatigue
Swelling of feet/ankles can progress to thighs and abdomen in advanced stages
Cold hands and feet
Clubbing fingers
Cyanosis of mucous membranes and nail beds
Prominent jugular veins
Congestion with edema in various organs:enlarged spleen and liver. GI distress with nausea and vomiting. Central nervous system involvement with headache and irritability
Anxiety and fear
What are the treatments of heart failure during chronic stages?
Drug therapy
Dietary control
And limitation of activity
What should people limit in the dietary control of heart failure?
Sodium intake and fluid intake