Chapter 6 vocab

Question 0

Cell wall

Answer 0

A PROTECTIVE LAYER EXTERNAL TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharide such a cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component of cell walls

Question 1

Central vacuole

Answer 1

A membranous sack in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction growth and development

Question 2

Chloroplasts

Answer 2

A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participate directly in the light reactions which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

A STRUCTURE CARRYING GENETIC MATERIAL, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. ( A bacterial chromosome usually consist of a single cellular DNA molecules and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region which is not membrane-bound)

Question 4

Chromatin

Answer 4

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, a massive very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

Question 5

Cilia

Answer 5

A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually non-motile and plays a sensory and signaling roll; it lacks the two inner microtubules

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

Question 9

Electron microscope

Answer 9

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces

Question 10

Cytosol

Answer 10

The semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Question 12

Flagella

Answer 12

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane

Question 13

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 13

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells(protists plants fungi and animals) are called eukaryotes

Question 14

Light microscope

Answer 14

And optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non cellulose carbohydrates

Question 17

Lysosome

Answer 17

A membrane enclosed stack of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

Question 19

Organelles

Answer 19

Any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

Question 19

Nuclear envelope

Answer 19

The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 20

Nuclear lamina

Answer 20

A net like a ray of protein filaments letting the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons

The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell

A cluster of neurons

Question 21

Nucleolus

Answer 21

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Question 23

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 23

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells(bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes

Question 23

Plasma membrane

Answer 23

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition

Question 24

Peroxisome

Answer 24

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2) producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 25

Ribosomes

Answer 25

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus

Question 27

Smooth ER

Answer 27

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

Question 27

Rough ER

Answer 27

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes

Question 28

Thylakoids

Answer 28

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids occur in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Question 28

Stroma

Answer 28

Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

Question 29

Transport vesicles

Answer 29

A tiny membranous sack in a cells cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cells