Chapter 6- Verbal Communication Skills Flashcards
Symbol
Word, sound, or visual image that represents something else, such as thought, concept, or object.
Referent
The thing that a symbol represents.
Thought
Mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol.
Denotative meaning
Restrictive or literal definition of a word. Ex, mother: the female person who gave birth to you.
Connotative meaning
Personal and subjective association with a word. Ex, the warm, caring women who nurtured you and loved you; or the cold, distant women who implied that you were not measuring up to her standards.
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates a sound associated with what is named; also, the use of such a word.
Symbolic interaction theory
Theory that people make sense of the world based on their interpretation of words or symbols used by others.
Linguistic determinism
Theory that describes how use of language determines or influences thoughts and perceptions.
Linguistic relativity
Theory that each language includes some unique features that are not found in other languages.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Based on the principle of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language shapes our thoughts and culture, and our culture and thoughts affect the language we used to describe our world.
Worldview
Individual perceptions or perceptions by a culture or group on people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, god, and the meaning of life, which influence interaction with others.
Profanity
Words considered obscene, blasphemous, irreverent, rude, or insensitive.
Euphemism
A mild or indirect word that is substituted for one that describes something vulgar, profane, unpleasant, or embarrassing.
Bypassing
Confusion caused by the fact that the same word can mean different things to different people.
Malapropism
Confusion of one word or phrase for another that sounds similar to it.
Restricted code
Set of words that have particular meaning to a person, group, or culture.
Jargon
Another name for restricted code; specialized terms or abbreviations whose meanings are known only to members of a specific group.
All ness
Tendency to use language to make unqualified, often untrue generalizations.
Indexing
Avoiding generalizations by using statements that separate one situation, person, or example from another.
Static evaluation
Pronouncement that does not take the possibility of change into consideration.
Polarization
Description and evaluation of what you observe in terms of extremes such as good or bad, old, or new, beautiful or ugly.
Hate speech
Words or phrases intended to offend of show disrespect for someone’s race, ethnicity, cultural background, gender, or some other aspect of that persons identity.
How to manage misunderstandings
- Be aware of missed meaning. (Bypassing)
- Be clear
- Be specific
- Be aware of changes in meaning.
- Be aware of polarizing either or extremes.
- Be unbiased
Extended “I” language
Brief preface to a feedback statement, intended to communicate that you don’t want your listener to take your message in an overly critical way.
Elaborated code
Conversation that uses many words and various ways of describing an idea or concept to communicate its meaning.
Conversation
The spontaneous, interactive exchange of messages with another person.
Apology
Explicit admission of an error, along with a request for forgiveness.
Assertive
Able to pursue ones own best interests without denying a partners rights.
Aggressive
Expressing ones interest while denying the rights of others by blaming, judging, and evaluating other people.
Assertiveness…
- your interests without denying the rights of others.
- Is other oriented
- Describes what you want.
- Discloses your needs using “I” messages.
Aggressiveness
- Expresses your interests and denies the rights of others
- Is self oriented
- Evaluates the other person
- Discloses your needs using “you” messages
Word picture
Short statement or story that illustrates or describes an emotion; word pictures often use a smile (a comparison using the word like or as) to clarify the image.
How to assert yourself
- Describe
- Disclose
- Identify effects
- Wait
- Use active listening skills
Question
Paraphrase content
Paraphrase feelings
