Chapter 6 - Urinary System Flashcards
amino acid
the basic building block for protein
ammonia
toxic breakdown product of amino acids
bladder
hollow sac that holds fluid; for example, urine or bile
excretion
removal of waste products of metabolism out of the body
excrete
to pass out of the body the waste products of metabolism
kidney
organ of excretion
nephrology
medical specialty of diseases of the kidney
nephrologist
medical specialist in diseases of the kidney
nitrogenous
containing or generating nitrogen
renal
pertaining to the kidney
urea
end product of nitrogen metabolism expelled in urine
ureter
tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureteral
pertaining to the ureter
urethra
canal leading from the bladder to outside
urine
fluid and dissolved substances excreted by kidney
urinary
pertaining to urine
urinate
to pass urine
urination
the act of passing urine
urology
medical specialty of disorders of the urinary system
urologist
medical specialist in disorders of the urinary system
urologic
pertaining to urology
calyx, calyces (pl.)
funnel-shaped structure
cortex, cortices (pl.)
outer portion of an organ
cortical
pertaining to the cortex
erythropoietin
protein secreted by the kidney that stimulates RBC production
filter
a porous substance through which a liquid or gas is passed to separate out contained particles; or to use a filter
filtrate
that which has passed through a filter
filtration
process of passing liquid through a filter
glomerulus
plexus of capillaries; part of a nephron
glomerular
pertaining to or affecting a glomerulus or glomeruli
hilum, hila (pl.)
the part where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ
medulla
central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
nephron
filtration unit of the kidney; glomerulus + renal tubule
nephron loop (aka loop of henle)
part of the renal tubule where reabsorption occurs
pelvis
a cup-shaped cavity, as in the pelvis of the kidney
peritubular
surrounding the small renal tubules
permeable
allowing passage of substances through a membrane
semipermeable
freely permeable to water but not to solutes
impermeable
when nothing is allowed passage
absorb
to bring in
reabsorption
the taking back into the blood of substances that had previously been filtered out from it
renin
enzyme secreted by the kidney that causes vasoconstriction
external
outside a structure or organ
intermittent
alternately ceasing and beginning again
internal
inside a structure or organ
meatus
the external opening of a passage
micturition
act of passing urine
micturate
pass urine
oblique
slanting; projection that is neither frontal nor lateral
obliquely
going toward a slanting direction
peristalsis
waves of alternate contraction and relaxation along a tube to move its contents onward
peristaltic
pertaining to peristalsis
reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
reflux
backward flow
sphincter
band of muscle that encircles an opening; when the muscle contracts, the opening squeezes closed
urination
the passing of urine
void
to evacuate urine or feces
adenoma
benign tumour that originates from glandular tissue
benign
denoting the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm or illness
carcinoma
a cancerous (malignant) and invasive epithelial tumour
glomerulonephritis
infection of the glomeruli of kidney
interstitial
pertaining to the spaces between cells in a tissue or organ
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
nephroblastoma (aka Wilms tumor)
cancerous kidney tumour of childhood
nephropathy
any disease of the kidney
nephrotic syndrome (aka nephrosis)
glomerular disease with marked loss of protein
pyelitis
inflammation of renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
anuria
absence of urine production
azotemia
excess nitrogenous waste products (urea) in the blood
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
hematuria
blood in the urine
hypertension
persistent high arterial blood pressure
microscopic
visible only with the aid of a microscope
nocturia
excessive urination at night
oliguria
scanty production of urine
polycystic
composed of many cysts
polyuria
excessive production of urine
proteinuria
presence of protein in the urine
uremia
a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
calculus, calculi (pl)
small stone
hydronephrosis
dilation of pelvis and calyces of a kidney
hydronephrotic (adj)
pertaining to or suffering from the dilation of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney
nephrolithiasis
presence of a kidney stone
spasmodic
having intermittent spasms or contractions
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
dysuria
difficulty or pain with urination
frequency
the number of times something happens in a given time (e.g., passing urine)
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
incontinence
inability to prevent discharge of urine or feces
incontinent
denoting incontinence
retention
a holding in of what should normally be discharged (e.g., urine)
urethritis
inflammation of the urethtra
cast
a cylindrical mold formed by materials in kidney tubules
cystoscope
an endoscope to view the inside of the bladder
cystoscopy
the process of using a cystoscope
cystourethrogram
x-ray image during voiding to show structure and function of the bladder and urethra
ketone
chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation
ketosis
excess production of ketones
ketoacidosis
excessive production of ketones, making the blood acidic
nitrite
chemical formed in urine by Escherichia coli and other microorganisms
pyelogram
x-ray image of renal pelvis and ureters
retrograde
reversal of normal flow; for example, back from the bladder into the ureters
stage
a description of the distribution and extent of dissemination of a cancer disease process
suprapubic
above the symphysis pubis
urinalysis
examination of urine to separate it into its elements and define their kind and/or quantity
