Chapter 13 - Respiratory System (13.3-13.5) Flashcards
diaphragm
musculoligamentous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
fissure
deep furrow or cleft
hilum, hila (pl)
the site where nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ
lobe
subdivision of an organ or other part
lobar
pertaining to or part of a lobe
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
parenchyma
characteristic functional cells of a gland or organ that are supported by the connective tissue framework
stroma
connective tissue framework that supports the parenchyma of an organ or gland
trachealis
pertaining to the trachea
exhale (verb)
breathe out
exhalation (noun)
the process of breathing out
expire
breathe out
expiration
the process of breathing out
inflate
expand with air
inflation
process of expanding with air
inhale
breathe in
inhalation (noun)
process of breathing in
inspire
breathe in
inspiration
process of breathing in
membrane
thin layer of tissue covering a structure or cavity
parietal
pertaining to the outer layer of the serous membrane lining the thoracic and other body cavities
pleura, pleurae (pl)
membrane covering the lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity
pleural
pertaining to the pleura
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs and their blood supply
surfactant
a protein and fat compound that reduces surface tension to hold lung alveolar walls apart
apnea
absence of spontaneous respiration
aphonia
loss of voice
hypoxemia
decreased levels of oxygen in the blood
anoxia
complete deprivation of oxygen supply
coryza (aka rhinitis)
viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
epistaxis
nosebleed
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngotracheobronchitis
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
mucopurulent
mixture of pus and mucus
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
polysomnography
test to monitor brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, and oxygen levels in the blood as the patient sleeps
sinusitis
inflammation of the lining of a sinus
snore
noise vibrations in the structures of the nasopharynx
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
bradypnea
slow breathing
compliance
measure of the capacity of a chamber or hollow viscus to expand, in this case, the lungs
cyanosis
blue discolouration of the skin, lips, and nail beds due to low levels of oxygen in the blood
cyanotic
marked by cyanosis
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
eupnea
normal breathing
expectorate
cough and spit out mucus from the respiratory tract
hemoptysis
bloody sputum
hyperpnea
deeper and more rapid breathing than normal
phlegm
abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from the respiratory tract
sputum
matter coughed up and spat out by individuals with respiratory disorders
tachypnea
rapid breathing
asthma
episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways
asthmatic
pertaining to, or suffering from, asthma
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the small bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
reduction in diameter of a bronchus
bulla, bullae (pl)
bubble-like dilated structure
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic disease in which excessive viscid mucus obstructs passages, including bronchi
emphysema
dilation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
hypercapnia
abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream
hyperinflation
overdistension of pulmonary alveoli with air resulting from airway obstruction
hypersecretion
excessive secretion of mucus (or enzymes or waste products)
hypoxia
decrease below normal levels of oxygen in tissues, gases, or blood
hypoxic
deficient in oxygen
retraction
a pulling back, as a pulling back of the intercostal spaces and the neck above the clavicle.
anthracosis
lung disease caused by the inhalation of coal dust
asbestosis
lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles
abscess
a collection of pus surrounded by infected tissue that is swollen and inflamed
atelectasis
collapse of part of a lung
bronchogenic
arising from a bronchus
bronchopneumonia
acute inflammation of the walls of smaller bronchioles with spread to lung parenchyma
consolidate
making firm or solid
consolidated
an aerated tissue that has become firm or solid
consolidation
area of solid tissue that was once aerated
effusion
collection of fluid that has escaped from blood vessels into a cavity or tissues
empyema
pus in a body cavity, particularly in the pleural cavity
pyothorax
empyema in a pleural cavity
flail chest
condition in which three or more consecutive ribs have been fractured, resulting in uncontrolled movement of that segment of the chest
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
mesothelioma
cancer arising from the cells lining the pleura or peritoneum
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritic
pertaining to pleurisy
pneumoconiosis
fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of different dusts
pneumonia
inflammation of the lung parenchyma
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
sarcoidosis
granulomatous lesions of lungs and other organs; cause is unknown
silicosis
fibrotic lung disease from inhaling silica particles
thromboembolism
a piece of detached blood clot (embolus) blocking a distant blood vessel
tuberculosis
infectious disease that can infect any organ or tissue
crackle, rale (synonym)
explosive popping sound due to the sudden opening of small airways or air moving through secretions
pleural rub
grating sound due to pleural membranes rubbing against each other
pulmonary (adj)
pertaining to the lungs and their blood supply
pulmonology
study of the lungs, or the medical specialty of disorders of the respiratory tract
pulmonologist
medical specialist in pulmonary disorders
rhoncus, rhonchi (pl), wheeze (syn)
wheezing sound heard on auscultation of the lungs, made by air passing through a constricted lumen
spirometer
an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes
stridor
high-pitched noise made when there is respiratory obstruction in the larynx or trachea
wheeze, wheezes (pl)
musical sound of the airways associated with asthma
bronchoscope
endoscope used for bronchoscopy
bronchoscopy
examination of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree with an endoscope
cautery
The use of heat or chemicals to burn tissue, usually to stop bleeding or destroy abnormal tissue
endotracheal
pertaining to being inside the trachea
laryngoscope
hollow tube with a light and camera used to visualize or operate on the larynx
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of the lungs
mediastinoscopy
examination of the mediastinum using an endoscope
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of a lung
resection (noun), resect (verb)
removal of a specific part of an organ or structure
rhinoplasty
surgical procedure to change the size or shape of the nose
segmentectomy
surgical excision of a segment of a tissue or organ
thoracentesis, pleural tap (syn)
insertion of a needle into the pleural cavity to withdraw fluid or air
thoracotomy
incision through chest wall
tomography
radiographic image of a selected slice or section of tissue
tracheostomy
surgical opening into the trachea, through which a tube can be inserted to assist breathing
tracheotomy
incision made into the trachea to create a tracheostomy
ultrasonography
delineation of deep structures using sound waves
aerosol
stable liquid suspension intended for use by inhalation
agonist
agent that combines with receptors on cells to initiate drug actions
anticholinergic
antagonistic to the action of parasympathetic nerve fibers
cannula, cannulae (pl)
tube inserted into a cavity or blood vessel as a channel for fluid or gases
decongestant
agent that reduces the swelling and fluid in the nose and sinuses
glucocorticosteroid
hormone of the adrenal cortex that influences glycogen metabolism and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect
inhaler
instrument for delivering medication by inhalation
mucolytic
agent capable of dissolving or liquefying mucus
nebulizer
device used to deliver liquid medicine in a fine mist for inhalation
