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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14-Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 14-Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A

nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

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2
Q

detoxification

A

removal of poison from a tissue or substance

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3
Q

ligament

A

band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

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4
Q

muscle

A

tissue consisting of contractile cells

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5
Q

tendon

A

fibrous band that connects muscle to bone

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6
Q

cortex

A

outer portion of an organ, such as bone (where the compact bone tissue is)

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7
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the cortex

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8
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

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9
Q

endosteum

A

a membrane of tissue lining the medullary cavity of a long bone

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10
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone that provides increased SA for attachment of ligaments and tendons

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11
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

layer of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis where bone growth occurs

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12
Q

central canals (Haversion canals)

A

vascular canals in bone

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13
Q

lacuna (singular), lacunae (plural)

A

small space or cavity within the matrix of bone

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14
Q

marrow

A

fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bones

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15
Q

matrix

A

substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by cells, and holds them together

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16
Q

medulla (noun)

A

central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex

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17
Q

medullary (adjective)

A

pertaining to the medulla

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18
Q

metaphysis

A

region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis where bone growth occurs

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19
Q

osteoblast

A

bone-forming cell

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20
Q

osteoclast

A

bone-removing cell

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21
Q

osteocyte

A

bone-maintaining cell

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22
Q

osteogenesis

A

creation of new bone

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23
Q

osteogenic (adjective)

A

relating to the creation of new bone

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24
Q

osteoporosis

A

condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile, and are more likely to fracture

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25
Q

periosteum

A

strong membrane surrounding a bone

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26
Q

periosteal (adj)

A

pertaining to the periosteum

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27
Q

articulation

A

a joint

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28
Q

articulate (verb)

A

joint movement

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29
Q

articular (adj)

A

pertaining to a joint

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30
Q

bursa

A

a closed sac containing synovial fluid

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31
Q

fibrocartilage

A

cartilage containing collagen fibers

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32
Q

gomphosis (singular), gomphoses (plural)

A

joint formed by a peg and a socket

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33
Q

hyaline

A

cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers

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34
Q

meniscus (singular), menisci (plural)

A

disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint; for example, in the knee joint

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35
Q

suture, sutures (plural)

A

place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band continuous with their periosteum, as in the skull

*also means to unite two surfaces by sewing; the material used in the sewing together; and the seam formed by the sewing together

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36
Q

symphysis, symphyses (plural)

A

two bones joined by fibrocartilage

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37
Q

synchondrosis, synchondroses (pl.)

A

a rigid articulation (joint) formed by cartilage

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38
Q

syndesmosis, syndesmoses (pl.)

A

an articulation (joint) formed by ligaments

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39
Q

synovial

A

pertaining to the synovial fluid and synovial membrane

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40
Q

abduction (noun), abduct (verb)

A

action of moving away from the midline

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41
Q

adduction (noun), adduct (verb)

A

action of moving toward the midline

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42
Q

circumduction, circumduct (verb)

A

movement of an extremity in a circular motion

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43
Q

eversion, evert (verb)

A

a turning outward

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44
Q

extension

A

when a joint is straightened to increase its angle

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45
Q

flexion

A

when a joint is bent to decrease its angle

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46
Q

inversion, invert (verb)

A

a turning inward

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47
Q

prone (adj), pronation (noun), pronate (verb)

A

lying facedown, flat on your belly

process of lying facedown or of turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm or sole) surface down

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48
Q

supine (adj), supination (noun), supinate (verb)

A

lying face up, flat on your spine

process of lying face upward or turning an arm or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up

rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces anteriorly in the anatomical position

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49
Q

cervical

A

pertaining to the neck region

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50
Q

coccyx

A

small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column

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51
Q

disc

A

flattened, round structure. in the skeletal system, a flattened round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones.

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52
Q

foramen, foramina (pl.)

A

an opening through a structure

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53
Q

intervertebral

A

located between two vertebrae

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54
Q

lumbar (adj)

A

relating to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

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55
Q

sacrum

A

segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis

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56
Q

sacral (adj)

A

pertaining to the sacrum

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57
Q

spine

A

vertebral column, or a short projection from a bone

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58
Q

spinal (adj)

A

pertaining to the spine

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59
Q

thorax

A

the part of the trunk between the abdomen and neck

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60
Q

thoracic (adj)

A

pertaining to the chest (thorax)

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61
Q

vertebra

A

one of the bones of the spinal column

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62
Q

vertebrae

A

the bones of the spinal column

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63
Q

vertebral (adj)

A

pertaining to the vertebrae

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64
Q

concha, conchae (pl.)

A

shell-shaped bone on medial wall of nasal cavity

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65
Q

cranium

A

the upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

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66
Q

cranial (adj)

A

pertaining to the skull

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67
Q

ethmoid bone

A

bone that forms at the back of the nose and part of the orbits and encloses numerous air cells, forming the ethmoid sinuses

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68
Q

lacrimal

A

pertaining to tears

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69
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

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70
Q

mandibular (adj)

A

pertaining to the mandible

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71
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses

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72
Q

maxillary

A

pertaining to the maxilla

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73
Q

occiput

A

the back of the skull

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74
Q

occipital bone

A

bone that forms the back and part of the base of the cranium

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75
Q

palatine

A

bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits

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76
Q

parietal bone

A

bones that form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium

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77
Q

sphenoid bone

A

wedge-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits

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78
Q

temporal bones

A

bones that form the sides and part of the base of the cranium

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79
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible

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80
Q

vomer

A

lower nasal septum

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81
Q

zygoma, zygomatic (adj)

A

bone that forms the prominence of the cheek

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82
Q

acromion

A

lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint

83
Q

acromioclavicular (adj)

A

pertaining to the joint between the acromion and the clavicle

84
Q

carpus

A

collective term for the eight carpal bones of the wrist

85
Q

carpal (adj)

A

pertaining to the wrist

86
Q

clavicle

A

curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle

87
Q

clavicular (adj)

A

pertaining to the clavicle

88
Q

condyle

A

rounded bone surface that articulates with another bone

89
Q

epicondyle

A

projection above the condyle for attachment of a ligament or tendon

90
Q

humerus

A

single bone of the upper arm

91
Q

metacarpal

A

the five bones between the carpus and the fingers

92
Q

pectoral

A

pertaining to the chest

93
Q

phalanx (singular), phalanges (pl.)

A

a bone of a finger or toe

94
Q

radius

A

the forearm bone on the thumb side of the arm

95
Q

scapula, scapulae (pl.)

A

shoulder blade

96
Q

scapular (adj)

A

pertaining to the shoulder blade

97
Q

ulna

A

the medial and larger bone of the forearm

98
Q

ulnar (adj)

A

pertaining to the ulna or any of the structures (artery, vein, nerve) named after it

99
Q

acetabulum

A

the cup-shaped cavity of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint

100
Q

diastasis

A

separation of normally joined parts

101
Q

femur

A

the thigh bone

102
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

103
Q

ilium, ilia (pl.)

A

large wing-shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis

104
Q

ischium, ischia (pl.)

A

lower and posterior part of the hip bone

105
Q

ischial (adj)

A

pertaining to the ischium

106
Q

labrum

A

cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint

107
Q

pelvis

A

a cup-shaped ring of bone; also a cup-shaped cavity, as in the pelvis of the kidney

108
Q

pelvic

A

pertaining to the pelvis

109
Q

pubis

A

bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip; also called the pubic bone

110
Q

pubic

A

pertaining to the pubis

111
Q

sacrum

A

segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis

112
Q

sacral

A

in the neighbourhood of the sacrum

113
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

the joint between the sacrum and ilium

114
Q

calcaneus

A

the heel bone

115
Q

calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)

A

the tendon of the heel formed from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and inserted into the calcaneus

116
Q

fibula

A

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg (lateral one)

117
Q

fibular

A

pertaining to the fibula

118
Q

hallux valgus

A

deviation of the big toe toward the lateral side of the foot

119
Q

metatarsus

A

a collective term referring to the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges

120
Q

metatarsal

A

pertaining to the metatarsus

121
Q

patella (kneecap), patellae (pl.)

A

thin, circular bone in front of the knee joint and embedded in the patellar tendon

122
Q

patellar

A

pertaining to the patella (kneecap)

123
Q

prepatellar

A

in front of the patella

124
Q

talus

A

the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint

125
Q

tarsus

A

the collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep

126
Q

tarsal

A

pertaining to the tarsus

127
Q

tibia

A

the larger bone of the lower leg (shin)

128
Q

tibial

A

pertaining to the tibia

129
Q

achondroplasia

A

condition with abnormal conversion of cartilage into, leading to dwarfism.

130
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones

131
Q

osteomalacia

A

soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium

132
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone tissue

133
Q

osteopenia

A

decreased calcification of bone

134
Q

resorption

A

loss of substance, such as bone

135
Q

rickets

A

disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones

136
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumour originating in connective tissue

137
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumour originating in bone-producing cells

138
Q

callus

A

the mass of fibrous connective tissue that forms at the fracture site and becomes the foundation for the formation of new bone

139
Q

cancellous

A

bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure

140
Q

closed fracture

A

a bone is broken but the skin over it is intact

141
Q

comminuted fracture

A

a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces

142
Q

complete fracture

A

a bone is fractured into two separate pieces

143
Q

compression fracture

A

fracture of a vertebra causing loss of height of the vertebra

144
Q

displaced fracture

A

a fracture in which the fragments are separated and are not in alignment

145
Q

greenstick fracture

A

a fracture in which one side of the bone is partially broken and the other side is bent. occurs mostly in children.

146
Q

hairline fracture

A

a fracture without separation of the fragments

147
Q

hematoma

A

collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into the tissue

148
Q

impacted fracture

A

a fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into the other

149
Q

incomplete fracture

A

a fracture that does not extend across the bone, as in a hairline fracture

150
Q

linear fracture

A

a fracture running parallel to the length of the bone

151
Q

oblique fracture

A

a diagonal fracture across the long axis of the bone

152
Q

open fracture

A

the skin over the fracture is broken

153
Q

pathologic fracture

A

fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer. also called stress fracture.

154
Q

spiral fracture

A

a fracture in the shape of a coil

155
Q

transverse fracture

A

a fracture perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

156
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

bursa: a closed sac containing synovial fluid

157
Q

degenerative

A

relating to the deterioration of a structure

158
Q

Heberden node

A

bony lump on the terminal phalanx of the fingers in osteoarthritis

159
Q

nodule

A

small node or knotlike swelling

160
Q

osteoarthritis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function

161
Q

rheumatism

A

pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system

162
Q

rheumatic (adj)

A

relating to or characterized by rheumatism

163
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation

164
Q

kyphosis

A

a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in disease

165
Q

kyphotic

A

pertaining to the kyphosis

166
Q

lordosis

A

an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine

167
Q

lordotic

A

pertaining to the lordosis

168
Q

scoliosis

A

an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

169
Q

scoliotic

A

pertaining to scoliosis

170
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist

171
Q

diastasis

A

separation of normally joined parts

172
Q

dislocation

A

the state of being completely out of joint

173
Q

separation

A

a shoulder separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint.

174
Q

subluxation

A

an incomplete dislocation in which some contact between the joint surfaces remains

175
Q

bunion

A

a swelling at the base of the big toe

176
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening and degeneration of cartilage

177
Q

gout

A

painful arthritis of the big toe (and potentially other joints) caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints

178
Q

hyperflexion

A

flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

179
Q

meniscus, menisci (pl.)

A

disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint; e.g., in the knee joint

180
Q

pes planus

A

a flat foot with no plantar arch

181
Q

Pott fracture

A

fracture of lower end of fibula, often with fracture of tibial malleolus

182
Q

podiatry

A

specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot

183
Q

podiatrist

A

practitioner of podiatry

184
Q

talipes equinovarus

A

deformity of the foot involving the talus

185
Q

arthrocentesis

A

withdrawal of fluid from a joint with a needle

186
Q

arthrodesis

A

fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery

187
Q

arthrography

A

X-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium in the joint

188
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint

189
Q

arthroscope

A

endoscope used to view the interior of a joint

190
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of a joint

191
Q

cast

A

rigid encasement of a fractured bone to immobilize a fractured bone

192
Q

sling

A

cloth tied behind the neck to support an arm

193
Q

splint

A

device to prevent movement

194
Q

fixation

A

process of repairing

195
Q

reduction

A

movement to place a structure back into anatomic position

196
Q

traction

A

a pulling or dragging force

197
Q

malunion

A

condition in which the two bony ends of a fracture fail to heal together correctly

198
Q

nonunion

A

total failure of healing of a fracture

199
Q

acetaminophen

A

medication that modifies or relieves pain (e.g., Tylenol)

200
Q

bisphosphonate

A

drug that delays the rate of bone resorption

201
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone that moves Ca2+ from blood to bones

202
Q

corticosteroid

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

203
Q

inhibit (verb)
inhibitor (noun)

A

to curb or restrain
agent that curbs or restrains

204
Q

intra-articular

A

pertaining to the inside of a joint

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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