chapter 6 the lymphatic and immune system

Question 1

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 1

commonly known as AIDS, the most advanced and fatal stage of
an HIV infection

Question 2

allergen

Answer 2

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

Question 3

anaphylaxis

Answer 3

a severe, systemic response to an allergen.

Question 4

antibiotics

Answer 4

medications capable of inhibiting
growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

Question 5

antibody

Answer 5

is a disease-fighting protein
created by the immune system in response to the presence
of a specific antigen

Question 6

antifungal

Answer 6

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

Question 7

antigen

Answer 7

any substance that the body regards as being foreign.

Question 8

antigen-antibody reaction

Answer 8

also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen.

Question 9

autoimmune disorder

Answer 9

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

Question 10

bacilli

Answer 10

a pathogenic rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

Question 11

bacteria

Answer 11

one-celled microscopic organisms

Question 12

benign

Answer 12

not life threatening

Question 13

candidiasis

Answer 13

yeast infection

Question 14

carcinoma

Answer 14

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

Question 15

carcinoma in situ

Answer 15

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

Question 16

complement system

Answer 16

is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

Question 17

COVID-19

Answer 17

a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This coronavirus, discovered in 2019, became a global pandemic starting in 2020 COVID-19 spreads via droplet, airborne, and contact transmission, with an incubation period up to 14 days. Symptoms are wide-ranging and can include fever, body aches, pneumonia, hypoxia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and loss of taste and smell.

Question 18

cytokines

Answer 18

a group of proteins
such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response.

Question 19

cytomegalovirus

Answer 19

is found in most body fluids. It is most often present as a silent infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a
weakened immune system, or when it is transmitted from the mother to her unborn child. This transmission can cause serious congenital disabilities to the child.

Question 20

cytotoxic drug

Answer 20

a medication that kills or damages cells. These drugs are used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics.

Question 21

ductal carcinoma in situ

Answer 21

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the abnormal cells have broken through the wall of the milk ducts. These cells may or may not become cancerous and spread. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%.

Question 22

hemolytic

Answer 22

The spleen has the hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

Question 23

herpes zoster

Answer 23

commonly known as shingles, is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve. This inflammation occurs when the dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life.

Question 24

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 24

a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection.

Question 25

human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 25

commonly known as HIV, a blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

Question 26

immunoglobulins

Answer 26

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. The five primary types of immunoglobulins, which are secreted by plasma cells, are also known as antibodies

Question 27

immunosuppressant

Answer 27

is a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal
immune response. This medication is administered
to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders.

Question 28

immunotherapy

Answer 28

also called biological therapy, is a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the
immune response

Question 29

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Answer 29

(IDC) starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. This is the most common form of breast cancer.

Question 30

interferons

Answer 30

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system,
fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

Question 31

lymphadenopathy

Answer 31

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

Question 32

lymphangioma

Answer 32

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic
vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

Question 33

lymphedema

Answer 33

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

Question 34

lymphocytes

Answer 34

also known as lymphoid
cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as
stem cells. Lymphocytes work together with the body’s organs
to defend the body against antigens.

Question 35

lymphoma

Answer 35

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

Question 36

lymphoscintigraphy

Answer 36

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or
malformations of the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen.

Question 37

macrophage

Answer 37

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells.

Question 38

malignant

Answer 38

becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

Question 39

mammography

Answer 39

an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

Question 40

metastasis

Answer 40

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself

Question 41

metastasize

Answer 41

to spread from one place to another. Cancer sometimes moves from its primary site and metastasizes to a secondary site

Question 42

malaria

Answer 42

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms develop from 1 to 4 weeks after being infected and include fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.

Question 43

myoma

Answer 43

an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

Question 44

myosarcoma

Answer 44

an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

Question 45

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 45

refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. There are many different types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, all of which originate in the lymphocytes.

Question 46

opportunistic infection

Answer 46

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. However, when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection.

Question 47

osteosarcoma

Answer 47

a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

Question 48

parasite

Answer 48

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.

Question 49

rabies

Answer 49

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

Question 50

rickettsia

Answer 50

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

Question 51

rubella

Answer 51

also known as German measles, a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, rubella is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus.

Question 52

sarcoma

Answer 52

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard and, more commonly, soft tissues

Question 53

spirochetes

Answer 53

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

Question 54

splenomegaly

Answer 54

an abnormal enlargement of the spleen

Question 55

staphylococci

Answer 55

a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. Most staphylococci are harmless and reside normally
on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and
other organisms; however, others are capable of
producing very serious infections.

Question 56

streptococci

Answer 56

bacteria that form a chain. Many streptococcal species are harmless; however, other members of this group are responsible for serious illnesses such as strep throat, meningitis

Question 57

systemic reaction

Answer 57

anaphylaxis

Question 58

teletherapy

Answer 58

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

Question 59

toxoplasmosis

Answer 59

a disease caused by a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces.

Question 60

varicella

Answer 60

also known as chickenpox, is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious. The condition is characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts