chapter 4 the muscular system Flashcards
abduction
the movement of a
limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body
adduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue
that holds structures together abnormally
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atrophy
means weakness or wearing away
of body tissues and structures
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
carpal tunnel syndrome
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
chronic fatigue syndrome
a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
compartment syndrome
involves the compression
of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg.
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective
tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
dyskinesia
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dystonia
a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
epicondylitis
inflammation of
the tissues surrounding the elbow
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to
promote physical fitness.
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms
ganglion cyst
a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand
heel spur
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone, causing pain
hemiparesis
a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
hernia
occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.
hyperkinesia
also known as hyperactivity, is abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
impingement syndrome
also known as rotator cuff tendinitis, occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
innervation
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
muscular dystrophy
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive
weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of
voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face, and throat.
myoclonus
the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myofascial release
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain
syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular
joint (TMJ) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myorrhaphy
is the surgical suturing of a muscle
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
oblique
slanted or at an angle
origin
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paraplegia
also known as partial paralysis, the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with a focus on restoring function
plantar fasciitis
also known as plantar fasciopathy, an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles
in many parts of the body
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole
of the foot is turned downward or backward
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
shin splint
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)
singultus
also known as hiccups, the myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sprain
an injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
tendinopathy
is the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any
joint
tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenosynovitis
is an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenotomy
the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening
torticollis
also known as wryneck, a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.
transverse
in a crosswise direction
