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EMT > Chapter 6: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Solid organ located under the rib cage in left upper part of abdomen
  2. Filters worn-out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria from the blood
  3. Highly vascular and is particularly susceptible to injury from blunt trauma
    a. Can lead to severe internal bleeding
A

Spleen

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2
Q

Pressure that blood exerts against the walls of arteries expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

Forceful ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta is transmitted through the arteries as a pulsatile pressure wave.

A

Blood Pressure

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3
Q

When the left ventricle of heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta.

High point of wave as heart is contracting.

A

Systolic

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4
Q

When the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood.

Low point of wave as heart is in relaxation phase.

A

Diastolic

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5
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure?

A

Systolic & Diastolic

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6
Q

The circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cells.

A

Perfusion

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7
Q

Normal circulation in adults is…

A

automatically adjusted & controlled.

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8
Q

Blood enters organs and tissues through…

A

Arteries

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9
Q

Blood leaves organs and tissues through…

A

Veins

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10
Q

Functions of blood include

A
  1. Perfusion
  2. Transporting oxygen
  3. Transporting carbon dioxide
  4. Transporting wastes and nutrients
  5. Clotting (coagulation)
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11
Q

What controls the cardiovascular system?

A

Nervous System

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12
Q

…is responsible for fight-or-flight response.

a. Sends commands to adrenal glands
b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted to stimulate heart and blood vessels.
i. The popular names of these hormones are adrenaline and noradrenaline.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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13
Q

Blood vessels have…

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors.

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14
Q

The heart and lungs have…

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors.

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15
Q

The Nervous System is divided into what two main parts?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of…

A

the brain & spinal cord

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17
Q

Major sub-divisions of the brain

A

i. Cerebrum
(a) Largest part of the brain
(b) Four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), each responsible for a specific function such as sight, hearing, balance, and speech
(c) Controls activities on the opposite side of the body
ii. Cerebellum
(a) Coordinates body movements
iii. Brain stem
(a) Controls body functions necessary for life, including cardiac and respiratory functions and regulation of consciousness
(b) Three areas:
(1) Midbrain
(2) Pons
(3) Medulla oblongata

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18
Q

The spinal cord is…

A

an extension of the brain stem.

i. Made up of nerve fibers that extend from the cells of the brain and join together below the brain stem to from the spinal cord
ii. Transmits messages between the brain and the body
iii. Encased within the spinal canal
iv. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain and spinal cord.
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19
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two main parts?

A

Somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

a. Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that link the CNS to various organs of the body
b. Consists of long fibers that extend from the cell body out through openings in the bony covering to form a cable of nerve fibers that link the CNS to the various organs of the body
c. Divisions of the peripheral nervous system:

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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21
Q

(a) Transmits signals from the brain to voluntary muscles

(b) Allows for activities such as walking, talking, and writing

A

Somatic nervous system (voluntary)

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22
Q

(a) Controls involuntary actions necessary for basic body functions
(b) Digestion, dilation, constriction of blood vessels, and sweating

(c) Split into two areas:
(1) Sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response
(2) Parasympathetic nervous system, which slows down the body

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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23
Q

The two types of nerves within peripheral nervous system are…

A 
Sensory nerves (carry information from body to CNS)
Motor nerves (carry information from CNS to muscles)
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24
Q

The processing of food that nourishes the cells

A

Digestion

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25
Q

a. Second major body cavity
b. Contains major organs of digestion and excretion
c. Quadrants are easiest way to identify areas.
i. Right upper (RUQ): contains the liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon
ii. Left upper (LUQ): contains the stomach, spleen, and a portion of the colon
iii. Right lower (RLQ): contains two portions of the large intestine (cecum and ascending colon)
(a) The appendix is attached to the lower cecum.
iv. Left lower (LLQ): contains the descending and sigmoid portions of the colon

A

Abdomen

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26
Q

a. Consists of lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, and tongue
b. Salivary glands
i. Two sets: on each side of the mouth and in front of each ear
ii. Saliva serves as a binder for chewed food and as a lubricant.

A

Mouth

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27
Q

a. Tubular structure

b. Extends from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

Oropharynx

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28
Q

a. Collapsible tube about 10 inches long
b. Extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach
c. Muscles in the wall of the esophagus propel food to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

29
Q

a. Hollow organ in LUQ

b. Receives food, stores it, and provides for its movement into the bowel

A

Stomach

30
Q

a. Flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and stomach
b. Two portions: exocrine and endocrine
i. Exocrine portion secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes that aid in digestion of fat, starch, and protein.
ii. Endocrine portion (islets of Langerhans) produces insulin and glucagon.

A

Pancreas

31
Q

a. Large, solid organ immediately beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ, extending into the LUQ
b. Largest solid organ in the abdomen, made up of a large mass of blood vessels and cells
c. The liver has many functions:
i. Filtering harmful substances
ii. Forming the factors needed for blood clotting and normal plasma production
iii. Principal organ for storing sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy

d. Bile ducts
i. The major function of bile is the digestion of fat.
ii. Bile ducts connect the liver to the intestine.
iii. The gallbladder is a small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver.

A

Liver

32
Q

a. Major hollow organ of the abdomen
b. Produces enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion
c. Composed of the duodenum (receives food from the stomach), jejunum, and ileum
d. More than 90% of the products of digestion are absorbed across the wall of the small intestine into veins.

A

Small intestine

33
Q

a. Major hollow organ consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum
b. The major function of the colon is to absorb the final 5–10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool.

A

Large intestine

34
Q

a. A 3- to 4-inch-long tube that opens into the cecum (first part of large intestine) in the RLQ of the abdomen
b. It may easily become obstructed, inflamed, or infected (appendicitis).
c. Appendicitis is one of the major causes of severe abdominal distress.

A

Appendix

35
Q

a. Lowermost end of the colon
b. Large, hollow organ adapted to hold quantities of feces until it is expelled
c. At its terminal end is the anus.
d. Both the rectum and the anus have sphincters—complex circular muscles that control the escape of liquids, gases, and solids from the digestive tract.

A

Rectum

36
Q

Elements of lymphatic system:

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Lymph
  4. Lymph vessels
  5. Thymus gland
  6. Other components
37
Q

B. Supports the circulatory system and immune system
C. Lymph is a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and waste products of metabolism away from the cells to be excreted.
1. Lymph vessels form a network throughout the body that serves as an auxiliary to the circulatory system.
2. Relies on muscle contractions and movements of the body for lymph to flow
3. Lymph nodes are tiny, oval-shaped structures that filter lymph.
D. Helps to rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials

A

The Lymphatic System

38
Q

What controls the release of hormones?

A

The brain

39
Q

The study of functional changes that occur when the body reacts to disease.

A

Pathophysiology

40
Q

The inability of the body to move gas effectively.

Hypoxia
Hypercarbia

A

Respiratory compromise

41
Q

Describes how much gas is being moved effectively through the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion occurs).

A

VQ ratio

42
Q

Effects of respiratory compromise on the body:

A

Oxygen levels fall and carbon dioxide levels rise.
Respiratory rate increases.
Blood becomes more acidic.
The brain sends commands to the body to breathe.

43
Q

Occurs when organs and tissue do not receive enough oxygen.

Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia.
Categorized into several types depending on the cause

A

Shock

44
Q

Effects of shock on the body:

A

The level of oxygen supplied to the tissues falls.
Cells engage in anaerobic metabolism.
Severe metabolic acidosis ensues.
Baroreceptors initiate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The heart rate increases.
Interstitial fluid moves into the capillaries.

45
Q

Results in the inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level

A

Impairment of Cellular Metabolism

46
Q

Cells create energy through

A

Anaerobic metabolism

47
Q

Which of the following are found in the retroperitoneal space?

Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Stomach

A

Answer: C
Rationale: The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space—the space behind the abdominal cavity. The spleen, liver, and stomach are all located within the anterior (true) abdomen.

48
Q

The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called

A

The xiphoid process

49
Q

A person with bilateral femur fractures has:

A

Fractured both of his or her femurs.

50
Q

The MOST prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the

A

Thyroid cartilage

51
Q

Insulin is produced in the

A

Pancreas

52
Q

_____ connect(s) muscles to bones.

A

Tendons

53
Q

The normal resting adult heart rate is:

A

60 to 100 beats/min

54
Q

The largest part of the brain is the

A

Cerebrum

55
Q

Superficial landmarks serve as

A

guides to structures that lie beneath them.

56
Q

Topographic anatomy applies to a body in the _____ position.

A

Anatomic (Patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms forward.)

57
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane:

A

divides the body front/back

58
Q

Transverse (axial) plane:

A

divides the body top/bottom

59
Q

Sagittal (lateral) plane:

A

divides the body left/right

60
Q
  • Gives us our recognizable human form.
  • Protects vital internal organs
Contains:
Bones
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
A

The skeleton

61
Q

Foundation to which the arms and legs are attached.

Includes:
Skull
Spinal column
Thorax

A

Axial Skeleton

62
Q

Composed of 33 bones and central supporting structure of the body

A

Spinal column

63
Q

Most common spine injury

A

L5

64
Q

Five sections of the spine:

A

(a) Cervical spine (neck)
(1) 7 vertebrae
(2) Attaches to skull
(b) Thoracic spine (upper back)
(1) One pair of ribs is attached to each of 12 vertebrae.
(c) Lumbar spine (lower back)
(1) 5 vertebrae
(d) Sacrum (back wall of pelvis)
(1) 5 vertebrae fused together to form the sacrum
(2) Sacrum joins the pelvis
(e) Coccyx (tailbone)
(1) 4 vertebrae fused together

v. Vertebrae are connected by ligaments, with intervertebral disks between each vertebra.
65
Q

Which vertebrae keep the diaphragm alive?

A

3, 4, & 5 keep the diaphragm alive

66
Q

Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs

A

Thoracic cavity

67
Q

What cavity contains:

Heart
Lungs
Esophagus
Great vessels

A

Thoracic cavity

68
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis

69
Q

Two types of joints:

A

Ball and socket & hinge joints

EMT (15 decks)

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