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Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider > Chapter 6: The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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2
Q

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood

A

Afterload

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3
Q

Leukocytes that lack granules

A

Agranulocytes

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4
Q

The smallest of plasma proteins; they make up about 60% of these proteins by weight

A

Albumins

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5
Q

Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction

A

Alpha Effect

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6
Q

A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level

A

Anemia

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7
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

A

Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery

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8
Q

Proteins secreted by certain immune cells that react against foreign antigens in the body by binding to the antigens, making them more visible to the immune system

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Substances or molecules that, when taken into the body, stimulate immune system response and cause formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies

A

Antigens

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10
Q

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

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11
Q

One of the three described portions of the aorta; the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

A

Aortic Arch

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12
Q

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

A

Aortic Valve

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13
Q

The muscular, thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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14
Q

Subdivisions of arteries that are thinner and have muscles in their walls that are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

A pathologic condition in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic

A

Arteriosclerosis

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16
Q

The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries

A

Ascending Aorta

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17
Q

A disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls

A

Atherosclerosis

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18
Q

The upper chambers of the heart; they receive blood returning to the heart

A

Atria

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19
Q

A specialized structure located in the AV junction that slow conduction through the AV junction

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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20
Q

The mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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21
Q

A state in which the cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

A

Automaticity

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22
Q

The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavial vein

A

Axillary Vein

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23
Q

Lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens

A

B Cells

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24
Q

Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis

A

Baroreceptors

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25
Q

The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum

A

Basilar Artery

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26
Q

One of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein

A

Basilic Vein

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27
Q

White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response; make up approximately 1% of leukocytes

A

Basophils

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28
Q

Stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased intropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states

A

Beta Effect

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29
Q

A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

A

Bilirubin

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30
Q

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

Blood

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31
Q

An abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in the carotid arteries

A

Bruit

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32
Q

The portion of the electric conduction system in the interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches

A

Bundle of His

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33
Q

Thin-walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from the cells into them

A

Capillaries

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34
Q

A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue

A

Cardiac Conduction System

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35
Q

A heartbeat; each cardiac cycle consists of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

A

Cardiac Cycle

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36
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate per minute

A

Cardiac Output

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37
Q

Restriction of cardiac contraction, failing cardiac output, and shock, caused by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardium

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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38
Q

Veins that branch out and drain blood from the myocardial capillaries to join the coronary sinus

A

Cardiac Veins

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39
Q

The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries

A

Carotid Bifurcation

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40
Q

An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter

A

Carotid Canals

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41
Q

A slight dilation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure

A

Carotid Sinus

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42
Q

One of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein

A

Cephalic Vein

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43
Q

The part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

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44
Q

The arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain

A

Cerebral Arteries

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45
Q

Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

A

Chemoreceptors

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46
Q

Thin bands of fibrous tissue tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

A

Chordae Tendinae

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47
Q

The effect on the rate of contraction of the heart

A

Chronotropic Effect

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48
Q

An interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain

A

Circle of Willis

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49
Q

The complex arrangement of tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

A

Circulatory System

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50
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

A

Circumflex Coronary Artery

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51
Q

The formation of a blood clot

A

Coagulation

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52
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses

A

Conductivity

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53
Q

The strength of heart muscle contraction

A

Contractility

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54
Q

Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients

A

Coronary Arteries

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55
Q

The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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56
Q

Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart

A

Coronary Sinus

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57
Q

The flaps that comprise the heart valves

A

Cusps

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58
Q

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell’s overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

A

Depolarization

59
Q

One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis

A

Descending Aorta

60
Q

A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most

A

Diapedesis

61
Q

A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

62
Q

Related to the effect of the heart’s conduction rate

A

Dromotropic Effect

63
Q

The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts

A

Ejection Fraction

64
Q

An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane and any given instant

A

Electrical Potential

65
Q

A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

66
Q

A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow

A

Embolus

67
Q

Infection of a heart valve

A

Endocarditis

68
Q

White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes

A

Eosinophils

69
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

70
Q

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine

71
Q

A serious condition that results when a pregnant woman’s blood type is incompatible with the fetus’s blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus’ red blood cells

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

72
Q

Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

73
Q

The process by which red blood cells are made

A

Erythropoiesis

74
Q

A property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses

A

Excitability

75
Q

The principal arteries of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. They supply circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee

A

Femoral Arteries

76
Q

A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein

A

Femoral Vein

77
Q

A white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process

A

Fibrin

78
Q

A plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation

A

Fibrinogen

79
Q

An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth

A

Foramen Olvale

80
Q

A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus

A

Fossa Ovalis

81
Q

A type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope

A

Granulocytes

82
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

A

Heart

83
Q

The percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

84
Q

The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow; also called hemopoiesis

A

Hematopoiesis

85
Q

An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

86
Q

Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot

A

Hemostasis

87
Q

A substance found in large amounts in basophils that in hibits blood clotting

A

Heparin

88
Q

A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen

A

Hepatic Portal System

89
Q

The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs

A

Hepatic Veins

90
Q

A chemical found in mast cells that, when released, causes vasodialation, capillary leaking, and bronchiole constriction

A

Histamine

91
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart

A

Inferior Vena Cava

92
Q

The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle

A

Inotropic Effect

93
Q

Insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site

A

Ischemia

94
Q

A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood

A

Jaundice

95
Q

The two main veins that drain the head and the neck

A

Jugular Veins

96
Q

A cancerous condition in which certain white blood cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues

A

Leukemia

97
Q

White blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection

A

Leukocytes

98
Q

The inside of an artery, vein, or other hollow structure

A

Lumen

99
Q

The white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body’s immune protection

A

Lymphocytes

100
Q

Cells that develop from the monocytes that provide some of the body’s first line of defense in the inflammatory process

A

Macrophages

101
Q

Cells to which antibodies attach, formed in response to allergens. When allergens attach to antigens on the mast cell surface, the cells release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis

A

Mast Cells

102
Q

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels

A

Mediastinum

103
Q

Pain caused by partial occulsion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis

A

Mesenteric Angina

104
Q

Blockage of a mesenteric artery, resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel

A

Mesenteric Infarction

105
Q

The valve in the heart heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

Mitral (BiCuspid) Valve

106
Q

Granulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection

A

Monocytes

107
Q

An abnormal heart sound, heard as “whooshing”, indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart

A

Murmur

108
Q

Blockage of one or more of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium

A

Myocardial Infarction

109
Q

The heart muscle

A

Myocardium

110
Q

White blood cells that are one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter

A

Neutrophils

111
Q

A naturally occurring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug

A

Norepinephrine

112
Q

The first wave in the ECG complex, representing depolarization of the ventricles

A

P Wave

113
Q

The two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand, creating the superficial and deep palmar arches

A

Palmar Arches

114
Q

Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae

A

Papillary Muscles

115
Q

One or two layers of the serous pericardium; it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid

A

Parietal Layer

116
Q

A condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, impairing the heart’s ability to expand and contract properly

A

Pericardial Effusion

117
Q

A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction

A

Pericardial Sac

118
Q

A life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly

A

Pericardiocentesis

119
Q

Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain

A

Pericarditis

120
Q

A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardial sac

A

Pericardium

121
Q

Inflammation of the wall of the vein, sometimes caused by an IV line, manifested by tenderness, redness, and slight edema along part of the length of the vein

A

Phlebitis

122
Q

A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion; makes up 55% of the total blood volume

A

Plasma

123
Q

The most abundant solutes (dissolved substances) in the plasma

A

Plasma Proteins

124
Q

A naturally occurring clot-dissolving enzyme, usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen

A

Plasmin

125
Q

Tiny, disk-shaped cell fragments that are much smaller than the red or white blood cells; they are essential in the initial formation of the blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

A

Platelets

126
Q

On e of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

A

Circumflex Coronary Artery

127
Q

The formation of a blood clot

A

Coagulation

128
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses

A

Conductivity

129
Q

Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients

A

Coronary Arteries

130
Q

The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

131
Q

Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart

A

Coronary Sinus

132
Q

The flaps that comprise the heart valves

A

Cusps

133
Q

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell’s overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

A

Depolarization

134
Q

One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis

A

Descending Aorta

135
Q

A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most

A

Diapedesis

136
Q

A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

137
Q

Related to the effect of the heart’s conduction rate

A

Dromotropic Effect

138
Q

The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts

A

Ejection Fraction

139
Q

An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant

A

Electrical Potential

140
Q

A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

141
Q

A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow

A

Embolus

142
Q

Infection of a heart valve

A

Endocarditis

143
Q

White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes

A

Eosinophils

144
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider (6 decks)

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