Chapter 6: The Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
The early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize
A
Absolute Refractory Period
2
Q
The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood
A
Afterload
3
Q
Leukocytes that lack granules
A
Agranulocytes
4
Q
The smallest of plasma proteins; they make up about 60% of these proteins by weight
A
Albumins
5
Q
Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction
A
Alpha Effect
6
Q
A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level
A
Anemia
7
Q
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
A
Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery
8
Q
Proteins secreted by certain immune cells that react against foreign antigens in the body by binding to the antigens, making them more visible to the immune system
A
Antibodies
9
Q
Substances or molecules that, when taken into the body, stimulate immune system response and cause formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies
A
Antigens
10
Q
The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body
A
Aorta
11
Q
One of the three described portions of the aorta; the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
A
Aortic Arch
12
Q
The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
A
Aortic Valve
13
Q
The muscular, thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
A
Arteries
14
Q
Subdivisions of arteries that are thinner and have muscles in their walls that are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
A
Arterioles
15
Q
A pathologic condition in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic
A
Arteriosclerosis
16
Q
The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries
A
Ascending Aorta
17
Q
A disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls
A
Atherosclerosis
18
Q
The upper chambers of the heart; they receive blood returning to the heart
A
Atria
19
Q
A specialized structure located in the AV junction that slow conduction through the AV junction
A
Atrioventricular (AV) node
20
Q
The mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
A
Atrioventricular Valves
21
Q
A state in which the cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within
A
Automaticity
22
Q
The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavial vein
A
Axillary Vein
23
Q
Lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens
A
B Cells
24
Q
Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis
A
Baroreceptors
25
The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum
Basilar Artery
26
One of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
Basilic Vein
27
White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response; make up approximately 1% of leukocytes
Basophils
28
Stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased intropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states
Beta Effect
29
A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
Bilirubin
30
The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Blood
31
An abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in the carotid arteries
Bruit
32
The portion of the electric conduction system in the interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches
Bundle of His
33
Thin-walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from the cells into them
Capillaries
34
A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue
Cardiac Conduction System
35
A heartbeat; each cardiac cycle consists of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
Cardiac Cycle
36
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate per minute
Cardiac Output
37
Restriction of cardiac contraction, failing cardiac output, and shock, caused by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardium
Cardiac Tamponade
38
Veins that branch out and drain blood from the myocardial capillaries to join the coronary sinus
Cardiac Veins
39
The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries
Carotid Bifurcation
40
An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter
Carotid Canals
41
A slight dilation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure
Carotid Sinus
42
One of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein
Cephalic Vein
43
The part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance
Cerebellum
44
The arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain
Cerebral Arteries
45
Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time
Chemoreceptors
46
Thin bands of fibrous tissue tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae Tendinae
47
The effect on the rate of contraction of the heart
Chronotropic Effect
48
An interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain
Circle of Willis
49
The complex arrangement of tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory System
50
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
Circumflex Coronary Artery
51
The formation of a blood clot
Coagulation
52
The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses
Conductivity
53
The strength of heart muscle contraction
Contractility
54
Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
Coronary Arteries
55
The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries
Coronary Artery Disease
56
Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart
Coronary Sinus
57
The flaps that comprise the heart valves
Cusps
58
The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell's overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions
Depolarization
59
One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis
Descending Aorta
60
A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most
Diapedesis
61
A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
62
Related to the effect of the heart's conduction rate
Dromotropic Effect
63
The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts
Ejection Fraction
64
An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane and any given instant
Electrical Potential
65
A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
66
A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow
Embolus
67
Infection of a heart valve
Endocarditis
68
White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
69
The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium
Epicardium
70
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
71
A serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus's blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus' red blood cells
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
72
Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells
Erythrocytes
73
The process by which red blood cells are made
Erythropoiesis
74
A property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses
Excitability
75
The principal arteries of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. They supply circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee
Femoral Arteries
76
A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein
Femoral Vein
77
A white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process
Fibrin
78
A plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation
Fibrinogen
79
An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth
Foramen Olvale
80
A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus
Fossa Ovalis
81
A type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope
Granulocytes
82
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
83
The percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells
Hematocrit
84
The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow; also called hemopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
85
An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen
Hemoglobin
86
Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot
Hemostasis
87
A substance found in large amounts in basophils that in hibits blood clotting
Heparin
88
A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen
Hepatic Portal System
89
The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
Hepatic Veins
90
A chemical found in mast cells that, when released, causes vasodialation, capillary leaking, and bronchiole constriction
Histamine
91
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior Vena Cava
92
The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle
Inotropic Effect
93
Insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site
Ischemia
94
A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice
95
The two main veins that drain the head and the neck
Jugular Veins
96
A cancerous condition in which certain white blood cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues
Leukemia
97
White blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection
Leukocytes
98
The inside of an artery, vein, or other hollow structure
Lumen
99
The white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body's immune protection
Lymphocytes
100
Cells that develop from the monocytes that provide some of the body's first line of defense in the inflammatory process
Macrophages
101
Cells to which antibodies attach, formed in response to allergens. When allergens attach to antigens on the mast cell surface, the cells release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis
Mast Cells
102
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
Mediastinum
103
Pain caused by partial occulsion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis
Mesenteric Angina
104
Blockage of a mesenteric artery, resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel
Mesenteric Infarction
105
The valve in the heart heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Mitral (BiCuspid) Valve
106
Granulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection
Monocytes
107
An abnormal heart sound, heard as "whooshing", indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart
Murmur
108
Blockage of one or more of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium
Myocardial Infarction
109
The heart muscle
Myocardium
110
White blood cells that are one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter
Neutrophils
111
A naturally occurring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug
Norepinephrine
112
The first wave in the ECG complex, representing depolarization of the ventricles
P Wave
113
The two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand, creating the superficial and deep palmar arches
Palmar Arches
114
Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae
Papillary Muscles
115
One or two layers of the serous pericardium; it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid
Parietal Layer
116
A condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, impairing the heart's ability to expand and contract properly
Pericardial Effusion
117
A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction
Pericardial Sac
118
A life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly
Pericardiocentesis
119
Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain
Pericarditis
120
A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardial sac
Pericardium
121
Inflammation of the wall of the vein, sometimes caused by an IV line, manifested by tenderness, redness, and slight edema along part of the length of the vein
Phlebitis
122
A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion; makes up 55% of the total blood volume
Plasma
123
The most abundant solutes (dissolved substances) in the plasma
Plasma Proteins
124
A naturally occurring clot-dissolving enzyme, usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen
Plasmin
125
Tiny, disk-shaped cell fragments that are much smaller than the red or white blood cells; they are essential in the initial formation of the blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
126
On e of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
Circumflex Coronary Artery
127
The formation of a blood clot
Coagulation
128
The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses
Conductivity
129
Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
Coronary Arteries
130
The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries
Coronary Artery Disease
131
Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart
Coronary Sinus
132
The flaps that comprise the heart valves
Cusps
133
The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell's overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions
Depolarization
134
One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis
Descending Aorta
135
A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most
Diapedesis
136
A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
137
Related to the effect of the heart's conduction rate
Dromotropic Effect
138
The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts
Ejection Fraction
139
An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant
Electrical Potential
140
A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
141
A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow
Embolus
142
Infection of a heart valve
Endocarditis
143
White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
144
The layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium
Epicardium
