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Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider > Chapter 1: Human Anatomy & Physiology: An Overview > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Human Anatomy & Physiology: An Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure and makeup of an organism

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the process and functions of the body

A

Physiology

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3
Q

A state of balance in which organs and systems can function effectively

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease

A

Pathophysiology

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5
Q

The system of the body that is composed of 206 bones and provides the essential functions of support, movement, and protection for the structures of the body

A

Skeletal System

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6
Q

The system of the body that is composed of fibers that contract, causing movement

A

Muscular System

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7
Q

The 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal (Striated)
Smooth
Cardiac

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8
Q

Another name for skeletal muscle

A

Striated Muscle

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9
Q

The system of the body that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood

A

Circulatory System

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10
Q

The system of the body that is a passive circulatory system that transports lymph

A

Lymphatic System

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11
Q

A thin, plasma-like fluid formed from interstitial or extracellular fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

A

Lymph

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12
Q

The system of the body that mounts a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.

A

Immune System

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13
Q

The system of the body that includes the organs and structures associated with breathing, gas exchange, and the entrance of air into the body

A

Respiratory System

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14
Q

The system of the body that is a complex array of structures that help control body activities, both voluntary and involuntary

A

Nervous System

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15
Q

The system of the body that is composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food

A

Gastrointestinal System

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16
Q

The system of the body that removes waste products from the blood by a complex filtration process, producing urine

A

Urinary System

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17
Q

The system of the body that includes the structures, both male and female, that are responsible for sexual reproduction

A

Reproductive System

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18
Q

The system of the body that consists of glands located throughout the body that secrete proteins called hormones to regulate body functions

A

Endocrine System

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19
Q

The system of the body that includes the skin, nails, hair, and sweat and oil glands

A

Integumentary System

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20
Q

A position in which the patient is facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

A

Anatomic Position

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21
Q

A plane that runs through the body from head to toe, dividing it into anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) sections

A

Frontal Plane

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22
Q

A plane that runs through the body parallel to the horizon. There is no specified area of the body through which this plane must pass

A

Transverse Plane

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23
Q

A plane that runs through the body perpendicular to the horizon. There is no specified area of the body through which this plane must pass

A

Sagittal Plane

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24
Q

A special type of sagittal plane where the body is cut in half, leaving equal left and right halves

A

MidSagittal Plane

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25
Q

Closer to the head

A

Superior

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26
Q

Closer to the feet

A

Inferior

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27
Q

Situated toward the midline of the body

A

Medial

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28
Q

Situated away from the midline

A

Lateral

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29
Q

Nearer to the trunk

A

Proximal

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30
Q

Further from the trunk

A

Distal

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31
Q

Belly (or front) side of the body

A

Anterior

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32
Q

Another term for anterior

A

Ventral

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33
Q

Spinal side of the body

A

Posterior

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34
Q

Another term for posterior

A

Dorsal

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35
Q

Pertaining to the armpit

A

Axillary

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36
Q

Pertaining to the upper arm

A

Brachial

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37
Q

Pertaining to the cheek

A

Buccal

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38
Q

Pertaining to the heart

A

Cardiac

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39
Q

Pertaining to the neck

A

Cervical

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40
Q

Pertaining to the skull or cranium

A

Cranial

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41
Q

Pertaining to the skin

A

Cutaneous

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42
Q

Pertaining to the shoulder muscle

A

Deltoid

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43
Q

Pertaining to the thigh

A

Femoral

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44
Q

Pertaining to the stomach

A

Gastric

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45
Q

Pertaining to the buttocks

A

Gluteal

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46
Q

Pertaining to the liver

A

Hepatic

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47
Q

Pertaining to the groin (depressions of abdominal wall near thighs)

A

Inguinal

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48
Q

Pertaining to the loin (lower back, between ribs and pelvis)

A

Lumbar

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49
Q

Pertaining to the breast

A

Mammary

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50
Q

Pertaining to the nose

A

Nasal

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51
Q

Pertaining to the inferior posterior region of the head

A

Occipital

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52
Q

Pertaining to the bones surrounding the eyes

A

Orbital

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53
Q

Pertaining to the superior posterior region of the head

A

Parietal

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54
Q

Pertaining to the front of the knee (kneecap)

A

Patellar

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55
Q

Pertaining to the chest

A

Pectoral

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56
Q

Pertaining to the perineum (between the sacrum and pubis)

A

Perineal

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57
Q

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

A

Plantar

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58
Q

Pertaining to the posterior knee

A

Popliteal

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59
Q

Pertaining to the lungs

A

Pulmonary

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60
Q

Pertaining to the kidneys

A

Renal

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61
Q

Pertaining to the inferior most portion of the spine

A

Sacral

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62
Q

Pertaining to the temples of the skull

A

Temporal

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63
Q

Pertaining to the naval

A

Umbilical

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64
Q

Pertaining to the sole of the foot or palm of the hand

A

Volar

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65
Q

Four quadrants of the abdomen

A 
Right Upper (RUQ),
Left Upper (LUQ),
Right Lower (RLQ),
Left Lower (LLQ)
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66
Q

Where the two lines that dissect the abdomen intersect

A

Umbilicus

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67
Q

The full distance that a joint can be moved

A

Range of Motion (ROM)

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68
Q

Moving a distal point of an extremity closer to the trunk

A

Flexion

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69
Q

The motion associated with the return of a body part from a flexed position to the anatomic position

A

Extension

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70
Q

A prefix that is often added to the terms flexion or extension to indicate a mechanism of injury

A

Hyper

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71
Q

Refers to a body part that was flexed to the maximum level or even beyond the normal ROM

A

Hyperflexion

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72
Q

Refers to a body part that was extended to the maximum level or even beyond the normal ROM

A

Hyperextension

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73
Q

Inward roll of the foot at the ankle

A

Supination

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74
Q

Outward roll of the foot at the ankle

A

Pronation

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75
Q

Turning an extremity medially toward the midline

A

Internal Rotation

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76
Q

Turning an extremity away from the midline

A

External Rotation

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77
Q

A type of hip dislocation in which the foot is externally rotated and the head of the femur is palpable in the inguinal area

A

Anterior Hip Dislocation

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78
Q

A type of hip dislocation in which the foot and knee are usually flexed internally. This type is the most common type of hip dislocation

A

Posterior Hip Dislocation

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79
Q

Movement of an extremity away from the midline

A

Abduction

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80
Q

Movement of an extremity towards the midline

A

Adduction

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81
Q

Refers to any position in which the patient is laying down or leaning back

A

Recumbent Position

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82
Q

A position where the patient is lying face up

A

Supine Position

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83
Q

A position where the patient is lying face down

A

Prone Position

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84
Q

A position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet

A

Trendlenburg Position

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85
Q

A position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight

A

Fowler Position

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86
Q

A position in which the patient is sitting up with the upper body slightly leaning back

A

Semi-Fowler Position

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87
Q

Another term for the left lateral recumbant position

A

Recovery Position

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88
Q

What is the left lateral recumbant (recovery) position used for

A

Helping to maintain a clear airway in an unresponsive patient and keep fluids drained from the mouth

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89
Q

The study of matter

A

Chemistry

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90
Q

A physical property that determines an object’s weight

A

Mass

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91
Q

Fundamental substances that compose matter

A

Elements

92
Q

Tiny particles that compose matter (the smallest complete units of an element)

A

Atoms

93
Q

Part of an atom’s neucleus that bears a positive electrical charge

A

Proton

94
Q

Part of an atom’s neucleus that bears a neutral electrical charge

A

Neutron

95
Q

Part of an atom that bears a negative charge

A

Electron

96
Q

The number of protons in an atom

A

Atomic Number

97
Q

This property of an atom equals the number of protons and neutrons in its necleus added together

A

Atomic Weight

98
Q

Defined as when an element’s atoms have neclei containing the same number of protons but a different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotope

99
Q

An isotope that spontaneously emits subatomic particles or radiation in measurable amounts

A

Radioisotope

100
Q

The process of emitting radiation

A

Radioactive Decay

101
Q

The 3 common forms that radiation occurs in

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

102
Q

The form of radiation that is similar to x-ray radiation

A

Gamma

103
Q

Any chemical structure that consists of atoms held together by covalent bonds (involving the sharing of electrons between atoms)

A

Molecule

104
Q

Chemically inactive atoms

A

Inert Atoms

105
Q

An atom that has either gained or lost an electron. This type of atom is electrically charged

A

Ion

106
Q

A bond that forms between ions

A

Ionic Bond

107
Q

An ion with a positive charge

A

Cation

108
Q

An ion with a negative charge

A

Anion

109
Q

A type of bond in which the atom completes its outer electron shell by sharing electrons (they do not gain or loose electrons)

A

Covalent Bond

110
Q

A molecule in which the covalent bond does not share electrons equally (one that has an uneven distribution of charge)

A

Polar Molecule

111
Q

When the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule is attracted to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule, the attraction is called a ______ ______

A

Hydrogen Bond

112
Q

Molecules made up of different bonded atoms are called _______

A

Compounds

113
Q

A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (atoms) bond to forma more complex product or structure

(A + B —–> AB)

A

Synthesis Reaction

114
Q

A reaction that occurs when bonds within a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions

(AB —–> A + B)

A

Decomposition Reaction

115
Q

A reaction in which parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

(AB + CD —–> AD + CB)

A

Exchange Reaction

116
Q

A reaction wherein the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were

(If A + B <=====> AB,
then AB <=====> A + B)

A

Reversible Reaction

117
Q

Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements

A

Enzymes

118
Q

The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur

A

Activation Energy

119
Q

Compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed)

A

Catalyst

120
Q

Substances that release ions in water

A

Electrolyte

121
Q

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

A

Acid

122
Q

Electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions

A

Bases

123
Q

Hydrogen ion concentrations can be measured by a value called ____

A

pH

124
Q

The pH scale ranges from _____ to _____

A

0 to 14

125
Q

The midpoint of the pH scale

A

7

126
Q

A pH measurement of less than 7 are considered _____

A

Acidic

127
Q

A pH measurement of more than 7 are considered _____

A

Basic

128
Q

The pH of blood usually ranges from _____ to _____

A

7.35 to 7.45

129
Q

An abnormal physiologic state caused by a blood pH that is lower than 7.35

A

Acidosis

130
Q

An abnormal physiologic state caused by a blood pH that is higher than 7.45

A

Alkalosis

131
Q

Chemicals that resist pH changes

A

Buffers

132
Q

The two main groups of chemicals

A

Organic

Inorganic

133
Q

The group of chemicals in which the chemical always contains the elements carbon and hydrogen, and generally oxygen

A

Organic Chemicals

134
Q

The group of chemicals that do not contain carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic Chemicals

135
Q

The group of chemicals that release ions in water and are also called electrolytes

A

Inorganic Chemicals

136
Q

Any substance that dissolves in water

A

Solute

137
Q

A molecule that provides much of the required energy for the body

A

Carbohydrate

138
Q

Carbohydrate with a shorter chain

A

Sugar

139
Q

_____ are not soluble in water. They may dissolve in other _____, oils, ether, chloroform, or alcohol.

A

Lipids

Lipids

140
Q

_____ molecules are large lipid molecules

A

Steroid

141
Q

_____ are the most abundant organic compounds of the human body

A

Proteins

142
Q

_____ _____ are large organic molecules that carry genetic information or form structures within cells

A

Nucleic Acids

143
Q

The two classes of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
144
Q

3 Types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
145
Q

Motion of a limb away from the midline

A

Abduction

146
Q

Electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions

A

Acids

147
Q

The amount of energy required to start a reaction

A

Activation Energy

148
Q

Motion of a limb toward the midline

A

Adduction

149
Q

Immaginary surfaces used as references to identify parts of the body

A

Anatomic Planes

150
Q

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

A

Anatomic Positon

151
Q

The study of the structure of an organism and its parts

A

Anatomy

152
Q

An ion that contains an overall negative charge

A

Anion

153
Q

The front surface of the body; the side facing forward in the anatomic position

A

Anterior (or Ventral)

154
Q

The whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic Number

155
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic Weight

156
Q

The smallest complete units of an element that have the elements properties; they vary in size, weight, and interaction with other atoms

A

Atoms

157
Q

Electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions

A

Bases

158
Q

Substances (including sugars and starches) that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures

A

Carbohydrates

159
Q

Atoms or molecules that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed during the process

A

Catalysts

160
Q

An ion that contains an overall positive charge

A

Cation

161
Q

The study of the composition of matter and changes in its composition

A

Chemistry

162
Q

Molecules made up of different bonded atoms

A

Compounds

163
Q

A chemical bond where atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons

A

covalent bond

164
Q

a reaction that occurs when bonds with a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions

A

decomposition reaction

165
Q

Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of an extremity

A

distal

166
Q

The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand

A

dorsal (or posterior)

167
Q

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water); chemicals dissolved in blood

A

electrolytes

168
Q

Single, negatively charged particles that revolve around the necleus of an atom

A

electrons

169
Q

Fundamental substances, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that compose matter

A

elements

170
Q

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

A

enzymes

171
Q

A chemical reaction where parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

A

exchange reaction

172
Q

The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving away from the proximal segment. Typically results in straightening of the limb at the joint

A

Extension

173
Q

Rotating an extremity at its joint away from the midline

A

external rotation

174
Q

The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving towards the proximal segment

A

flexion

175
Q

The position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight

A

fowler position

176
Q

An imaginary plain dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves

A

frontal (coronal) plane

177
Q

The study of body parts that are visible to the naked eye, such as bones, muscles, and organs

A

gross anatomy

178
Q

A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment

A

homeostasis

179
Q

The attraction of the positive hydroen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule

A

hydrogen bond

180
Q

When a body part is extended to the maximum level beyond the normal range of motion

A

hyperextension

181
Q

When a body part is flexed to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion

A

hyperflexion

182
Q

Below a body part or nearer to the feet

A

inferior

183
Q

Not having both carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

inorganic

184
Q

Rotating the segment of the extremity distal to the joint toward the midline

A

internal rotation

185
Q

Atoms that either gain or loose electrons

A

ions

186
Q

One of two (or more) forms of an element having the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; they may or may not be radioactive

A

isotope

187
Q

In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline; also called outer structures

A

lateral

188
Q

Fats, fat-like substances (cholesterol and phospholipids), and oils that supply energy for body processes and building of certain structures

A

lipids

189
Q

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures

A

medial

190
Q

The study of tissue structure and/or cellular structure or organization, often visible through a microscope

A

microscopic anatomy

191
Q

An imaginary line drawn through the midportion of the axilla to the waist that is parallel to the midline

A

midaxillary line

192
Q

An imaginary line drawn through the midpoint of the clavicle that is parallel to the midline

A

midclavicular line

193
Q

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor; also called the midline

A

midsagittal plane

194
Q

Particles made up of two or more joined atoms

A

molecule

195
Q

Uncharged or “neutral” particles in the necleus of an atom

A

neutrons

196
Q

Large organic molecules, or macromolecules, that carry genetic information or form structures within cells, and include DNA and RNA

A

necleic acids

197
Q

Having both carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

organic

198
Q

The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

A

pathophysiology

199
Q

Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

A

peptides

200
Q

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

A

pH

201
Q

A type of lipid molecule that comprises the cell membrane

A

phospholipid

202
Q

The study of the body functions of the living organism

A

Physiology

203
Q

A molecule that uses a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally; this results in a shape that has an uneven distribution of charges

A

polar molecule

204
Q

In anatomy, the back surface of the body

A

posterior (or dorsal)

205
Q

Rotation of an extremity so that the palm faces downward

A

pronation

206
Q

Lying flat, and face down

A

prone position

207
Q

Created from amino acids, they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and antibodies

A

proteins

208
Q

Closer to the trunk

A

proximal

209
Q

Also known as radioactive isotopes or radio-neclides, they are atoms with unstable neclei

A

radioisotopes

210
Q

The arc of movement of an extremity at a joint

A

range of motion (ROM)

211
Q

When a patient is placed on his or her side to allow for easy drainage of fluids from the mouth; also called the left lateral recumbent position

A

recovery position

212
Q

Any position in which the patient is lying down or leaning back

A

recumbent

213
Q

Study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called topographic anatomy

A

regional anatomy

214
Q

A chemical reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were

A

reversible reaction

215
Q

An imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right parts

A

sagittal (lateral) plane

216
Q

Molecules with four connected rings of carbon atoms, including cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol

A

steroid

217
Q

Above a body part or nearer to the head

A

superior

218
Q

Turning the palms upward (toward the sky)

A

supination

219
Q

The position in which the body is lying face up

A

supine position

220
Q

A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure

A

synthesis reaction

221
Q

The study of anatomy associated with a particular organ system

A

systemic anatomy

222
Q

The study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called regional anatomy

A

topographic anatomy

223
Q

An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts

A

transverse (axial) plane

224
Q

The position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet

A

trendelenburg position

225
Q

The anterior surface of the body

A

ventral

Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider (6 decks)

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