Chapter 1: Human Anatomy & Physiology: An Overview Flashcards
1
Q
The study of the structure and makeup of an organism
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The study of the process and functions of the body
A
Physiology
3
Q
A state of balance in which organs and systems can function effectively
A
Homeostasis
4
Q
The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease
A
Pathophysiology
5
Q
The system of the body that is composed of 206 bones and provides the essential functions of support, movement, and protection for the structures of the body
A
Skeletal System
6
Q
The system of the body that is composed of fibers that contract, causing movement
A
Muscular System
7
Q
The 3 types of muscle
A
Skeletal (Striated)
Smooth
Cardiac
8
Q
Another name for skeletal muscle
A
Striated Muscle
9
Q
The system of the body that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood
A
Circulatory System
10
Q
The system of the body that is a passive circulatory system that transports lymph
A
Lymphatic System
11
Q
A thin, plasma-like fluid formed from interstitial or extracellular fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
A
Lymph
12
Q
The system of the body that mounts a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.
A
Immune System
13
Q
The system of the body that includes the organs and structures associated with breathing, gas exchange, and the entrance of air into the body
A
Respiratory System
14
Q
The system of the body that is a complex array of structures that help control body activities, both voluntary and involuntary
A
Nervous System
15
Q
The system of the body that is composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food
A
Gastrointestinal System
16
Q
The system of the body that removes waste products from the blood by a complex filtration process, producing urine
A
Urinary System
17
Q
The system of the body that includes the structures, both male and female, that are responsible for sexual reproduction
A
Reproductive System
18
Q
The system of the body that consists of glands located throughout the body that secrete proteins called hormones to regulate body functions
A
Endocrine System
19
Q
The system of the body that includes the skin, nails, hair, and sweat and oil glands
A
Integumentary System
20
Q
A position in which the patient is facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
A
Anatomic Position
21
Q
A plane that runs through the body from head to toe, dividing it into anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) sections
A
Frontal Plane
22
Q
A plane that runs through the body parallel to the horizon. There is no specified area of the body through which this plane must pass
A
Transverse Plane
23
Q
A plane that runs through the body perpendicular to the horizon. There is no specified area of the body through which this plane must pass
A
Sagittal Plane
24
Q
A special type of sagittal plane where the body is cut in half, leaving equal left and right halves
A
MidSagittal Plane
25
Closer to the head
Superior
26
Closer to the feet
Inferior
27
Situated toward the midline of the body
Medial
28
Situated away from the midline
Lateral
29
Nearer to the trunk
Proximal
30
Further from the trunk
Distal
31
Belly (or front) side of the body
Anterior
32
Another term for anterior
Ventral
33
Spinal side of the body
Posterior
34
Another term for posterior
Dorsal
35
Pertaining to the armpit
Axillary
36
Pertaining to the upper arm
Brachial
37
Pertaining to the cheek
Buccal
38
Pertaining to the heart
Cardiac
39
Pertaining to the neck
Cervical
40
Pertaining to the skull or cranium
Cranial
41
Pertaining to the skin
Cutaneous
42
Pertaining to the shoulder muscle
Deltoid
43
Pertaining to the thigh
Femoral
44
Pertaining to the stomach
Gastric
45
Pertaining to the buttocks
Gluteal
46
Pertaining to the liver
Hepatic
47
Pertaining to the groin (depressions of abdominal wall near thighs)
Inguinal
48
Pertaining to the loin (lower back, between ribs and pelvis)
Lumbar
49
Pertaining to the breast
Mammary
50
Pertaining to the nose
Nasal
51
Pertaining to the inferior posterior region of the head
Occipital
52
Pertaining to the bones surrounding the eyes
Orbital
53
Pertaining to the superior posterior region of the head
Parietal
54
Pertaining to the front of the knee (kneecap)
Patellar
55
Pertaining to the chest
Pectoral
56
Pertaining to the perineum (between the sacrum and pubis)
Perineal
57
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Plantar
58
Pertaining to the posterior knee
Popliteal
59
Pertaining to the lungs
Pulmonary
60
Pertaining to the kidneys
Renal
61
Pertaining to the inferior most portion of the spine
Sacral
62
Pertaining to the temples of the skull
Temporal
63
Pertaining to the naval
Umbilical
64
Pertaining to the sole of the foot or palm of the hand
Volar
65
Four quadrants of the abdomen
```
Right Upper (RUQ),
Left Upper (LUQ),
Right Lower (RLQ),
Left Lower (LLQ)
```
66
Where the two lines that dissect the abdomen intersect
Umbilicus
67
The full distance that a joint can be moved
Range of Motion (ROM)
68
Moving a distal point of an extremity closer to the trunk
Flexion
69
The motion associated with the return of a body part from a flexed position to the anatomic position
Extension
70
A prefix that is often added to the terms flexion or extension to indicate a mechanism of injury
Hyper
71
Refers to a body part that was flexed to the maximum level or even beyond the normal ROM
Hyperflexion
72
Refers to a body part that was extended to the maximum level or even beyond the normal ROM
Hyperextension
73
Inward roll of the foot at the ankle
Supination
74
Outward roll of the foot at the ankle
Pronation
75
Turning an extremity medially toward the midline
Internal Rotation
76
Turning an extremity away from the midline
External Rotation
77
A type of hip dislocation in which the foot is externally rotated and the head of the femur is palpable in the inguinal area
Anterior Hip Dislocation
78
A type of hip dislocation in which the foot and knee are usually flexed internally. This type is the most common type of hip dislocation
Posterior Hip Dislocation
79
Movement of an extremity away from the midline
Abduction
80
Movement of an extremity towards the midline
Adduction
81
Refers to any position in which the patient is laying down or leaning back
Recumbent Position
82
A position where the patient is lying face up
Supine Position
83
A position where the patient is lying face down
Prone Position
84
A position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendlenburg Position
85
A position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight
Fowler Position
86
A position in which the patient is sitting up with the upper body slightly leaning back
Semi-Fowler Position
87
Another term for the left lateral recumbant position
Recovery Position
88
What is the left lateral recumbant (recovery) position used for
Helping to maintain a clear airway in an unresponsive patient and keep fluids drained from the mouth
89
The study of matter
Chemistry
90
A physical property that determines an object's weight
Mass
91
Fundamental substances that compose matter
Elements
92
Tiny particles that compose matter (the smallest complete units of an element)
Atoms
93
Part of an atom's neucleus that bears a positive electrical charge
Proton
94
Part of an atom's neucleus that bears a neutral electrical charge
Neutron
95
Part of an atom that bears a negative charge
Electron
96
The number of protons in an atom
Atomic Number
97
This property of an atom equals the number of protons and neutrons in its necleus added together
Atomic Weight
98
Defined as when an element's atoms have neclei containing the same number of protons but a different numbers of neutrons
Isotope
99
An isotope that spontaneously emits subatomic particles or radiation in measurable amounts
Radioisotope
100
The process of emitting radiation
Radioactive Decay
101
The 3 common forms that radiation occurs in
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
102
The form of radiation that is similar to x-ray radiation
Gamma
103
Any chemical structure that consists of atoms held together by covalent bonds (involving the sharing of electrons between atoms)
Molecule
104
Chemically inactive atoms
Inert Atoms
105
An atom that has either gained or lost an electron. This type of atom is electrically charged
Ion
106
A bond that forms between ions
Ionic Bond
107
An ion with a positive charge
Cation
108
An ion with a negative charge
Anion
109
A type of bond in which the atom completes its outer electron shell by sharing electrons (they do not gain or loose electrons)
Covalent Bond
110
A molecule in which the covalent bond does not share electrons equally (one that has an uneven distribution of charge)
Polar Molecule
111
When the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule is attracted to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule, the attraction is called a ______ ______
Hydrogen Bond
112
Molecules made up of different bonded atoms are called _______
Compounds
113
A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (atoms) bond to forma more complex product or structure
(A + B -----> AB)
Synthesis Reaction
114
A reaction that occurs when bonds within a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions
(AB -----> A + B)
Decomposition Reaction
115
A reaction in which parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
(AB + CD -----> AD + CB)
Exchange Reaction
116
A reaction wherein the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were
(If A + B <=====> AB,
then AB <=====> A + B)
Reversible Reaction
117
Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
Enzymes
118
The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur
Activation Energy
119
Compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed)
Catalyst
120
Substances that release ions in water
Electrolyte
121
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
Acid
122
Electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions
Bases
123
Hydrogen ion concentrations can be measured by a value called ____
pH
124
The pH scale ranges from _____ to _____
0 to 14
125
The midpoint of the pH scale
7
126
A pH measurement of less than 7 are considered _____
Acidic
127
A pH measurement of more than 7 are considered _____
Basic
128
The pH of blood usually ranges from _____ to _____
7.35 to 7.45
129
An abnormal physiologic state caused by a blood pH that is lower than 7.35
Acidosis
130
An abnormal physiologic state caused by a blood pH that is higher than 7.45
Alkalosis
131
Chemicals that resist pH changes
Buffers
132
The two main groups of chemicals
Organic
| Inorganic
133
The group of chemicals in which the chemical always contains the elements carbon and hydrogen, and generally oxygen
Organic Chemicals
134
The group of chemicals that do not contain carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic Chemicals
135
The group of chemicals that release ions in water and are also called electrolytes
Inorganic Chemicals
136
Any substance that dissolves in water
Solute
137
A molecule that provides much of the required energy for the body
Carbohydrate
138
Carbohydrate with a shorter chain
Sugar
139
_____ are not soluble in water. They may dissolve in other _____, oils, ether, chloroform, or alcohol.
Lipids
| Lipids
140
_____ molecules are large lipid molecules
Steroid
141
_____ are the most abundant organic compounds of the human body
Proteins
142
_____ _____ are large organic molecules that carry genetic information or form structures within cells
Nucleic Acids
143
The two classes of nucleic acids
```
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
```
144
3 Types of RNA
```
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
```
145
Motion of a limb away from the midline
Abduction
146
Electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions
Acids
147
The amount of energy required to start a reaction
Activation Energy
148
Motion of a limb toward the midline
Adduction
149
Immaginary surfaces used as references to identify parts of the body
Anatomic Planes
150
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic Positon
151
The study of the structure of an organism and its parts
Anatomy
152
An ion that contains an overall negative charge
Anion
153
The front surface of the body; the side facing forward in the anatomic position
Anterior (or Ventral)
154
The whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Number
155
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Weight
156
The smallest complete units of an element that have the elements properties; they vary in size, weight, and interaction with other atoms
Atoms
157
Electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions
Bases
158
Substances (including sugars and starches) that provide much of the energy required by the body's cells, as well as helping to build cell structures
Carbohydrates
159
Atoms or molecules that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed during the process
Catalysts
160
An ion that contains an overall positive charge
Cation
161
The study of the composition of matter and changes in its composition
Chemistry
162
Molecules made up of different bonded atoms
Compounds
163
A chemical bond where atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons
covalent bond
164
a reaction that occurs when bonds with a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions
decomposition reaction
165
Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of an extremity
distal
166
The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand
dorsal (or posterior)
167
Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water); chemicals dissolved in blood
electrolytes
168
Single, negatively charged particles that revolve around the necleus of an atom
electrons
169
Fundamental substances, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that compose matter
elements
170
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
enzymes
171
A chemical reaction where parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
exchange reaction
172
The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving away from the proximal segment. Typically results in straightening of the limb at the joint
Extension
173
Rotating an extremity at its joint away from the midline
external rotation
174
The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving towards the proximal segment
flexion
175
The position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight
fowler position
176
An imaginary plain dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves
frontal (coronal) plane
177
The study of body parts that are visible to the naked eye, such as bones, muscles, and organs
gross anatomy
178
A tendency to constancy or stability in the body's internal environment
homeostasis
179
The attraction of the positive hydroen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
hydrogen bond
180
When a body part is extended to the maximum level beyond the normal range of motion
hyperextension
181
When a body part is flexed to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion
hyperflexion
182
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
inferior
183
Not having both carbon and hydrogen atoms
inorganic
184
Rotating the segment of the extremity distal to the joint toward the midline
internal rotation
185
Atoms that either gain or loose electrons
ions
186
One of two (or more) forms of an element having the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; they may or may not be radioactive
isotope
187
In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline; also called outer structures
lateral
188
Fats, fat-like substances (cholesterol and phospholipids), and oils that supply energy for body processes and building of certain structures
lipids
189
Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures
medial
190
The study of tissue structure and/or cellular structure or organization, often visible through a microscope
microscopic anatomy
191
An imaginary line drawn through the midportion of the axilla to the waist that is parallel to the midline
midaxillary line
192
An imaginary line drawn through the midpoint of the clavicle that is parallel to the midline
midclavicular line
193
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor; also called the midline
midsagittal plane
194
Particles made up of two or more joined atoms
molecule
195
Uncharged or "neutral" particles in the necleus of an atom
neutrons
196
Large organic molecules, or macromolecules, that carry genetic information or form structures within cells, and include DNA and RNA
necleic acids
197
Having both carbon and hydrogen atoms
organic
198
The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state
pathophysiology
199
Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
peptides
200
The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH
201
A type of lipid molecule that comprises the cell membrane
phospholipid
202
The study of the body functions of the living organism
Physiology
203
A molecule that uses a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally; this results in a shape that has an uneven distribution of charges
polar molecule
204
In anatomy, the back surface of the body
posterior (or dorsal)
205
Rotation of an extremity so that the palm faces downward
pronation
206
Lying flat, and face down
prone position
207
Created from amino acids, they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and antibodies
proteins
208
Closer to the trunk
proximal
209
Also known as radioactive isotopes or radio-neclides, they are atoms with unstable neclei
radioisotopes
210
The arc of movement of an extremity at a joint
range of motion (ROM)
211
When a patient is placed on his or her side to allow for easy drainage of fluids from the mouth; also called the left lateral recumbent position
recovery position
212
Any position in which the patient is lying down or leaning back
recumbent
213
Study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called topographic anatomy
regional anatomy
214
A chemical reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were
reversible reaction
215
An imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right parts
sagittal (lateral) plane
216
Molecules with four connected rings of carbon atoms, including cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol
steroid
217
Above a body part or nearer to the head
superior
218
Turning the palms upward (toward the sky)
supination
219
The position in which the body is lying face up
supine position
220
A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure
synthesis reaction
221
The study of anatomy associated with a particular organ system
systemic anatomy
222
The study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called regional anatomy
topographic anatomy
223
An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts
transverse (axial) plane
224
The position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet
trendelenburg position
225
The anterior surface of the body
ventral
