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Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider > Chapter 4: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

A chemical neurotransmitter that serves as a mediator in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

The enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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3
Q

The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus

A

Achilles Tendon

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4
Q

The component that makes up most of the thin protein filaments of the myofibrils

A

Actin

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5
Q

Changes in electrical potential that occur when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus

A

Action Potentials

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6
Q

The short muscle that adducts the thigh

A

Adductor Brevis

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7
Q

The long muscle that adducts the hip

A

Adductor Longus

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8
Q

A prime mover; a muscle that contracts to provide most of a desired movement

A

Agonist

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9
Q

The area within the pelvis that contains the anus

A

Anal Triangle

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10
Q

Muscles working in opposition to each other

A

Antagonists

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11
Q

Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles

A

Aponeuroses

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12
Q

A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side

A

Bell Palsy

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13
Q

Located in the posterior compartment of the leg; flexes and laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip

A

Biceps Femoris

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14
Q

An intracellular protein to which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction

A

Calmodulin

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15
Q

Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel the blood through the circulatory system

A

Cardiac Muscle

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16
Q

Accumulation of blood or fluid in a fascial compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognized and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb

A

Compartment Syndrome

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17
Q

Anatomic spaces within the body that are enclosed by fascia

A

Compartments

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18
Q

An organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction

A

Creatine Phosphate

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19
Q

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cell’s overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions and neural transmissions

A

Depolarization

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20
Q

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this muscle (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled form the lungs

A

Diaphragm

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21
Q

The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers

A

Endomysium

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22
Q

A layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds skeletal muscles

A

Epimysium

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23
Q

Groups of muscles that cause extension

A

Extensor Muscles

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24
Q

Fluid outside of the cells, in which most of the body’s supply of sodium is contained; accounts for 15% of body weight

A

Extracellular Fluid

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25
Q

Movement of the eyes in various directions

A

Extraocular Movements

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26
Q

A layer of fiberous connective tissue outside the epimysium that seperates individual muscles and individual muscle groups

A

Facia

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27
Q

Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted

A

Flexor Muscles

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28
Q

Conduction areas between cells (eg, in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle cells

A

Gap Junctions

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29
Q

An iron-containing protein within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

A movable part of the body to which a skeletal muscle is fastened at a movable joint

A

Insertion

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31
Q

Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell

A

Intercalated Disks

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32
Q

The ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity

A

Intrinsic Automaticity

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33
Q

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

A

Lactic Acid

34
Q

The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

A

Motor End Plate

35
Q

Specialized nerve cells that deliver an impulse to muscle cells, causing them to contract

A

Motor Neurons

36
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls

A

Motor Unit

37
Q

One of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen)

A

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

38
Q

Fibers that contract causing movement; three types of muscle are present in the body: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A

Muscle

39
Q

A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle

A

Muscle Fasciculus

40
Q

One that passes in many directions over a muscle fiber membrane after stimulation by acetylcholine

A

Muscle Impulse

41
Q

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

A

Musculoskeletal System

42
Q

Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

A

Myofibrils

43
Q

An iron-containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin, that is found in muscle fibres

A

Myoglobin

44
Q

The component that makes up most of the thick protein filaments of the myofibrils

A

Myosin

45
Q

Electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system

A

Nerve Impulse

46
Q

The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; one type of a synapse

A

Neuromuscular Junction

47
Q

Chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

48
Q

A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a movable joint

A

Origin

49
Q

The amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels

A

Oxygen Debt

50
Q

Deep muscles of the medial compartment that adduct, flex, and internally rotate the theigh

A

Pectineus Muscles

51
Q

The largest muscle of the chest wall; it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder

A

Pectoralis Major

52
Q

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

53
Q

The area below the coccygeus and levator ani muscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis

A

Perineum

54
Q

When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

A

Polarized

55
Q

The muscle in a group of muscles that has the major role in movement

A

Prime Mover

56
Q

Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee when contracted

A

Quadriceps Femoris

57
Q

The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen

A

Rectus Abdominis

58
Q

The process by which ions are moved across the cell wall to return to a polarized state

A

Repolarization

59
Q

A special group of four muscles that forms a cap over the proximal humerus and ties the humerus to the scapula; it controls rotation at the shoulder joint

A

Rotator Cuff

60
Q

The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

61
Q

The repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

62
Q

A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

63
Q

The longest muscle in the human body, it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts

A

Sartorius Muscle

64
Q

Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration

A

Scalene Muscles

65
Q

Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

66
Q

A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends

A

Sliding Filament Model

67
Q

Nonstriated muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the eye; also called involuntary muscle

A

Smooth Muscle

68
Q

Areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fiber

A

Striations

69
Q

A functional connection where neurons communicate with other cells

A

Synapse

70
Q

The space between neurons

A

Synaptic Cleft

71
Q

Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement

A

Synergists

72
Q

Tough, ropelike cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

73
Q

A test used to elevate the integrity of the Achilles tendon for possible rupture

A

Thompson Test

74
Q

T-tubules; membranous channels extending inward and passing through muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules

75
Q

An actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin-related mechanical function of the body

A

Tropomyosin

76
Q

A regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

A

Troponin

77
Q

The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system

A

Urogenital Triangle

78
Q

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

A

Visceral Smooth Muscle

79
Q

A layman’s term for traumatic soft-tissue injury to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension

A

Whiplash

80
Q

Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis

A

Yergason Test

Anatomy & Physiology for the Prehospital Provider (6 decks)

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