Chapter 6: The Cell

Question 1

Eukaryotic

Answer 1

Complex: people, protists, fungi, animals, plants

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

Simple: Bacteria, Archae

Question 3

Common features for eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 3

Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes

Question 4

Differences for eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 4

Prokaryotic: Smaller size, no nucleus–DNA located in the nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Larger size, has a nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles

Question 5

Plasma membrane

Answer 5

Semi permeable, separates the internal contents of the cell from the outside environment, functions as a selective barrier, integrity important for survival

Question 6

Endomembrane system

Answer 6

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

Control center of the cell

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Carry out protein synthesis

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

Synthesize lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxify poisons, store calcium

Question 10

Rough ER

Answer 10

Secrete glycoproteins, distribute transport vesicles, membrane factory for the cell

Question 11

Golgi apparatus

Answer 11

Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 12

Lysosome

Answer 12

“Digestive compartments”

Question 13

Phagocytosis

Answer 13

Engulf another cell; forms a food vacuole; fuses with lysosome for digestion

Question 14

Autophagy

Answer 14

Use of enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

Question 15

Central vacuoles

Answer 15

Mature plant cells; hold organic compounds and water; poisonous

Question 16

“Powerhouses of Cells”

Answer 16

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Cellular respiration

Question 18

Chloroplasts

Answer 18

Photosynthesis

Question 19

Peroxisomes

Answer 19

Contain enzymes that can break down fats; produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

• Maintains cell shape
• Anchors and/or move organelles in the cell
• May regulate biochemical activities
• Composed of 3 fibers:
  
  • Microtubules: thickest
  • Microfilaments: thinnest
  • Intermediate filaments

Question 21

Microtubules

Answer 21

• Maintain cell shape
• Cell motility: cilia and flagella
• Movement of organelles
• Separate chromosomes during cell division: centromeres

Question 22

Cilia and Flagella

Answer 22

• Important for movement
• Made of microtubules
• Powered by ATP
• Cilia example: Trachea
• Flagella example: Sperm

Question 23

Microfilaments

Answer 23

• Help support cell shape
• Involved in cellular motility
• Very important in muscle cells

Question 24

Intermediate filaments

Answer 24

• Strong
• Help support cell shape and fix organelles in place
• Are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes

Question 25

Plant cell wall

Answer 25

- Protects, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water - Composed of multiple layers: - Primary cell wall: thin and flexible - Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells - Secondary cell wall: added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

Question 26

Extracellular matrix of animal cells

Answer 26

- Composed of glycoproteins: collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin - Proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins - Composed of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins - Important for support, adhesion, movement, regulation

Question 27

Intercellular junctions

Answer 27

Facilitate contact between neighboring cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems

Question 28

Plasmodesmata

Answer 28

- Channels that perforate plant cell walls | - Allows passage of water and small solutes from cell to cell

Question 29

Tight junctions

Answer 29

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Question 30

Desmosomes

Answer 30

"Anchoring junctions": fasten cells together into strong sheets

Question 31

Gap junctions

Answer 31

"Communicating junctions": provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Question 32

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to what structure in animal cells?

Answer 32

Gap junctions

Question 33

Vesicles

Answer 33

Small membrane sacs used to transport biomolecules between organelles

Question 34

Nuclear pore

Answer 34

Allows for the transport of substances in and out of the nucleus