Chapter 5: Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monomers

Answer 1

Smaller molecules that serve as building blocks of a polymer

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 3

Hydrolysis reactions

Answer 3

Decompose polymers

• release energy
• highly regulated

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Answer 4

Function for long- and short-term energy

Question 5

Monosaccharide

Answer 5

Simple; 3-7 carbon atoms

Question 6

Disaccharide

Answer 6

2+ monosaccharides

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Many glucose units; complex

• Starches (spiral shape)
• Glycogen
• Cellulose (straight shape)

Question 8

The organic molecules

Answer 8

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Lipids
   (1-3 are Macromolecules)

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

• Function well as energy storage molecules
• Hydrophobic
• Formed of hydrocarbons: LOTS of energy

Question 10

Fats (Lipids)

Answer 10

Animal origin and solid at room temperature

Question 11

Oils (Lipids)

Answer 11

Plant origin and liquid at room temperature

Question 12

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 12

• Oils

- Double bonds

Question 13

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 13

• Butter

- No double bonds

Question 14

Phospholipids

Answer 14

• Contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
• Carries a charge
• Charged polar head, nonpolar tail

Question 15

Amphoteric

Answer 15

Charged polar head, nonpolar tail

Question 16

Proteins

Answer 16

• Very important in structure and function of cells
• Can function in/as:
  
  • Support
  • Enzymes
  • Transport
  • Movement
  • Cell communication
  • Defense

Question 17

Amino acids

Answer 17

Building blocks of proteins

Question 18

Glycine

Answer 18

Nonpolar

Question 19

Alanine

Answer 19

Nonpolar

Question 20

Valine

Answer 20

Nonpolar

Question 21

Leucine

Answer 21

Nonpolar

Question 22

Isoleucine

Answer 22

Nonpolar

Question 23

Methionine

Answer 23

Nonpolar

Question 24

Phenylalanine

Answer 24

Nonpolar

Question 25

Trypotphan

Answer 25

Nonpolar

Question 26

Proline

Answer 26

Nonpolar

Question 27

Serine

Answer 27

Polar

Question 28

Threonine

Answer 28

Polar

Question 29

Cysteine

Answer 29

Polar

Question 30

Tyrosine

Answer 30

Polar

Question 31

Asparagine

Answer 31

Polar

Question 32

Glutamine

Answer 32

Polar

Question 33

Aspartic acid

Answer 33

Acidic

Question 34

Glutamic acid

Answer 34

Acidic

Question 35

Lysine

Answer 35

Basic

Question 36

Arginine

Answer 36

Basic

Question 37

Histidine

Answer 37

Basic

Question 38

Dehydration

Answer 38

Build polymers from monomers - require energy - highly regulated

Question 39

Levels of protein structure

Answer 39

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 40

Primary

Answer 40

The amino acid sequence of the peptide chain

Question 41

Secondary

Answer 41

Consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain - a helix - B sheet

Question 42

Tertiary

Answer 42

Three-dimensional structure of a single protein molecule; determined by R groups; becomes functional

Question 43

Quaternary

Answer 43

Complex of several protein molecules or polypeptide chains

Question 44

Denaturation

Answer 44

Loss of a protein's native structure; results in biological inactivity

Question 45

Renaturation

Answer 45

Protein refolding

Question 46

Pyrimidine (nucleotide monomer)

Answer 46

Have a single membered ring (Cytosine and Thymine)

Question 47

Purine (nucleotide monomer)

Answer 47

Have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring (Adenine and Guanine)

Question 48

DNA --> RNA

Answer 48

Transcription

Question 49

RNA --> Protein

Answer 49

Translation