chapter 6 test

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

starts with one diploid cell which goes through mitosis and creates two identical diploid cells, cause growth in organism

Question 2

sexual reproduction

Answer 2

2 diploids cells go through meiosis and create 4 haploid, gamete cells, two gametes join in fertalization to create a unique diploid organism

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

division which creates 2 identical cells (2N)

Question 4

meiosis

Answer 4

division which creates 4 unique haploid gamete cells (N)

Question 5

nondisjunction

Answer 5

failure in meiosis/mitosis causes too many or too few chromosomes

Question 6

nondisjunction in mitosis

Answer 6

affects both cells, parent and offspring

Question 7

nondisjunction in meiosis

Answer 7

affects 4 gametes and thus the new offspring, possible transmition to the next generation

Question 8

laws of mendel

Answer 8

law of dominance
law of segregation
law of independent assortment

Question 9

law of dominance

Answer 9

when 2 true breeders are bred the F1 offspring will always express one of the alleles, the dominant one

Question 10

law of segregation

Answer 10

alleles stay separate, the 2 alleles for a trait do not combine

Question 11

law of independent assortment

Answer 11

genes found on different chromosomes are inheritted independently of each other, unless they are located very close to one another on the same chromosome (linked)

Question 12

punnent square

Answer 12

a visual way to mathematically show the possible offspring of a given cross

Question 13

pedegree

Answer 13

a chart that shows phenotypes of a family for 1 trait, used to predict traits of offspring
(2 parents have the same trai, but have a child with the opposite trait, know parents are hybrids, offspring is homozygous recessive)

Question 14

phenotype

Answer 14

trait that is seen or expressed

Question 15

genotype

Answer 15

genes/alleles associated with the trait

Question 16

incomplete dominance

Answer 16

heterozygous offspring express a blending of dominant and recessive phenotypes

Question 17

codominance

Answer 17

both alleles are expressed at one

Question 18

multiple alleles

Answer 18

there are 3+ alleles for one trait, only 2 can be expressed

Question 19

polygenic traits

Answer 19

a trait controlled by more than one gene

Question 20

pleitrophy

Answer 20

one gene controls many traits

Question 21

sex-linked traits

Answer 21

it the trait is on the X chromosome it is recessive, so it is more likely to be expressed in males since they only have one X

Question 22

chlorophyl

Answer 22

pigment in chloroplasts which harnesses energy from sunlight
stacks of chlorophyl are grana, granas sit in strama

Question 23

3 tennents of cell theory

Answer 23

all living things are made of cells
cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function for living things
cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 24

spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis

Answer 24

spontaneous generation: life emerges from non-living matter on a regular basis
biogenesis: life only comes from pre-existing life