Chapter 6 (Starting Section Two) Flashcards
The role of a _______ argument is to draw a conclusion
that is contained implicitly in the premises.
deductive argument; A deductive argument is either valid or invalid; there are no intermediate degrees of partial validity.
In an _______ argument the conclusion amplifies or goes beyond what the premises state.
inductive argument;
Inductive arguments have degrees of strength, depending not only on the relationship between premises and conclusion but also on the context of other information available.
True or False: Deductive arguments have degrees of strength, depending not only on the relationship between premises and conclusion but also on the context of other information available.
False, Inductive arguments
Using the method of argument analysis we would diagram the following as:
- Whales are mammals.
- All mammals breathe by means of lungs.
- Whales breathe by means of lungs.
1 + 2 | ——> 3
What is the inference pattern “categorical syllogism”?
categorical syllogism is a particular kind of argument containing three categorical propositions, two of them premises, one a conclusion; the inference pattern of a categorical syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises, in which the premises and the conclusion are categorical propositions.
categorical proposition can be regarded as ?
an assertion about the relations among classes
In addition to the subject and predicate, there is a third element of categorical propositions, indicated by the words “is” or “are.” This element - called the________(?)_______ - links subject and predicate.
copula
In terms of classes , we can make both the affirmative statement that S (subject) is included in P (predicate) and the negative statement that S is excluded from P. The affirmative or negative copula (is, are; are not, a s not) and thus character of a proposition is called its ________.
Quality
A proposition with the form “All S are P” is universal in ___________. A proposition with the form “Some S are P” is particular.
proposition with the form “All S are P” is universal in quantity. A proposition with the form “Some S are P” is particular.
A categorical proposition has four components:
(1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.
A ________ proposition has four components: (1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.
Categorical proposition
Each of these standard forms has a traditional label that we will use as a shorthand reference to the form. The two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin words….. The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in….
affirmo (“I affirm”). The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in nego (“I deny”).
A categorical proposition, then, has four components:
(1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.
The quality and quantity, taken together, determine the _______ of a proposition; the subject and predicate determine its content.
logical form
The quality and quantity, taken together, determine the logical form of a proposition; the subject and predicate determine its ______.
content
The short hands for this are as follows: the two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin word ____
Affirmo
I affirm
In the shorthand the two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin word affirmo (“I affirm”). The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in _____
nego (“I deny”).
To work with a categorical statement, we need to formulate it as one of the four standard
forms which are:
A, E, I, or 0
To work with a categorical statement, the quantity must be explicitly indicated by a quantifier - a
word such as ….
“all,” “no ,” or “some. “
To work with a categorical statement, the ______ must be explicitly indicated by a _______ - a
word such as “all,” “no ,” or “some. “
“quantity” must be explicitly indicated by a “quantifier”
To work with a categorical statement, the_____ must always be some form of the verb “to be”: “is,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “will be” (and their negative forms).
copula
To work with a categorical statement, the copula must always be some form of the verb “____”: “is,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “will be” (and their negative forms).
to be
Some categorical propositions have subject terms referring to a single person, place, or thing rather than to a class. For example, “New York is a large city.” or “Tom is a good basketball player.” In logic, a statement of this sort is called a _______.
singular proposition
Words that indicate quantity are called ________.
quantifiers
The following are some examples of _______ ________?
“No” dinosaur ate sushi.
Not “a” creature was stirring.
“None” of the telephone is working.
nonstandard quantifiers
The following nonstandard quantifiers are universal “negative” or universal “affirmative”?
“No” dinosaur ate sushi.
Not “a” creature was stirring.
“None” of the telephone is working.
Negative
The following nonstandard quantifiers are universal “negative” or universal “affirmative”?
“All” whales are mammals.
“A” cat is a predator.
“Every” president faces unexpected challenges.
“Each” item on the menu must has a price.
“Any” student using the gym must show an ID.
Affirmative
In the statements “All bread is nutritious” and “No bread is nutritious” these are obviously opposing statements. They
cannot both be true. We identify this relationship in logic
by them _______ propositions.
Contrary
If you accept the proposition “Some bread is not nutritious” then you cannot also accept the proposition, “All bread is nutritious, “ and vice versa. As a result if one is true, the other is false, and vice versa. Propositions that have this relationship are called ________ .
Contradictories
or
Contradictory propositions
A statement lacks _____ if their truth does not rely on their existence
Existential import
A statement has existential import when….
When it’s existence relies on the truth of the statement
True or False: “Particular statement” have existential import: Their truth does depend on existence of Ss
True
True or False: Universal statements have existential import as their existence rely on the existence of S or truth
False they lack existential import because their existence does not rely on S or truth
Method of using two circles in a Venn diagram was developed by who?
John Venn, an English mathematician
A statement has ______ only if its truth depends on the existence of things in a specific category (signified by the subject term in a categorical proposition).
existential import
existential import is when ….
A statement has existential import only if its truth depends on the existence of things in a specific category (signified by the subject term in a categorical proposition).
True or False: Traditional model views: A entails I.
True
Traditional view: A entails “I.”
But suppose there are no Ss. On the modern view: “I” would be true or false
“I” would be false
The following is an example of a categorical ________:
Socrates is a man.
All men are mortal.
Socrates is mortal.
syllogism
A syllogism will be made up of 3 sentences. Each of the three sentences will be called a proposition.[define 1]
Socrates is a man. → PROPOSITION 1
All men are mortal. → PROPOSITION 2
Socrates is mortal. → PROPOSITION 3
Which of the following propositions has form A, “champagne” as the subject, and “carbonated beverage” as the predicate?
Select one:
a. All champagnes are carbonated beverages.
b. All carbonated beverages are champagnes.
c. Some champagnes are not carbonated beverages.
d. Some carbonated beverages are champagnes.
e. Some champagnes are carbonated beverages.
a. All champagnes are carbonated beverages.
In the modern square of opposition, how many types of relationships among propositions are considered?
Select one:
a. two
b. five
c. three
d. one
e. four
one
In subalternates, the propositions are such that:
Select one:
a. they cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false
b. they could not both be false, but could both be true
c. if the universal is false, then the particular must be false
d. they could not both be true, but could both be false
e. if the universal is true, then the particular must be true
The correct answer is: if the universal is true, then the particular must be true
In a categorical proposition, does the quantifier modify the subject term or the predicate term?
Select one:
a. either one, but never both
b. only the predicate
c. neither
d. both
e. only the subject
only the subject
If the following sentence were put into standard form as a categorical proposition, what would the copula be?
Nothing quenches thirst like a glass of iced tea.
Select one:
a. are not
b. are
c. is
d. is not
e. can
is
“Every president faces unexpected challenges” is what type of proposition?
Select one:
a. O
b. E
c. A
d. I
e. non-categorical
The correct answer is:
A
Which of the following is the complete list of the logical components of a categorical proposition?
Select one:
a. subject, predicate nominative, predicate adjective
b. subject, predicate, copula, quantifier
c. subject, predicate
d. subject, object, place, time
e. subject, verb, direct object, indirect object
Subject, predicate, copula, quantifier
In Venn diagrams, an X is used to indicate that:
Select one:
a. you’ve made an error in that part of the diagram
b. something doesn’t exist
c. the proposition does not have a subject
d. the proposition does not have a predicate
e. something exists
Something exists
Draw a Venn diagram that represents the proposition “All S are P”
Only the outside of the “S” subject is shaded (not the overlapping parts and none of “P”)
The whole left region, S, shaded out. Only the part of S that overlaps with P is left unshaded, meaning that if something is an S, it is also a P.
Draw a Venn diagram that represents the proposition “Some S are not P”
An X is placed in the left region, “S”, to indicate that something exists
