Chapter 6 (Starting Section Two)

Question 1

The role of a _______ argument is to draw a conclusion

that is contained implicitly in the premises.

Answer 1

deductive argument; A deductive argument is either valid or invalid; there are no intermediate degrees of partial validity.

Question 2

In an _______ argument the conclusion amplifies or goes beyond what the premises state.

Answer 2

inductive argument;

Inductive arguments have degrees of strength, depending not only on the relationship between premises and conclusion but also on the context of other information available.

Question 3

True or False: Deductive arguments have degrees of strength, depending not only on the relationship between premises and conclusion but also on the context of other information available.

Answer 3

False, Inductive arguments

Question 4

Using the method of argument analysis we would diagram the following as:

1. Whales are mammals.
2. All mammals breathe by means of lungs.
3. Whales breathe by means of lungs.

Answer 4

1 + 2 | ——> 3

Question 5

What is the inference pattern “categorical syllogism”?

Answer 5

categorical syllogism is a particular kind of argument containing three categorical propositions, two of them premises, one a conclusion; the inference pattern of a categorical syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises, in which the premises and the conclusion are categorical propositions.

Question 6

categorical proposition can be regarded as ?

Answer 6

an assertion about the relations among classes

Question 7

In addition to the subject and predicate, there is a third element of categorical propositions, indicated by the words “is” or “are.” This element - called the________(?)_______ - links subject and predicate.

Answer 7

copula

Question 8

In terms of classes , we can make both the affirmative statement that S (subject) is included in P (predicate) and the negative statement that S is excluded from P. The affirmative or negative copula (is, are; are not, a s not) and thus character of a proposition is called its ________.

Answer 8

Quality

Question 9

A proposition with the form “All S are P” is universal in ___________. A proposition with the form “Some S are P” is particular.

Answer 9

proposition with the form “All S are P” is universal in quantity. A proposition with the form “Some S are P” is particular.

Question 10

A categorical proposition has four components:

Answer 10

(1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.

Question 11

A ________ proposition has four components: (1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.

Answer 11

Categorical proposition

Question 12

Each of these standard forms has a traditional label that we will use as a shorthand reference to the form. The two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin words….. The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in….

Answer 12

affirmo (“I affirm”). The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in nego (“I deny”).

Question 13

A categorical proposition, then, has four components:

Answer 13

(1) a subject term; (2) a predi- cate term; (3) a copula, which is either affirmative or negative in quality; (4) one or more words indicating quantity, universal or particular.

Question 14

The quality and quantity, taken together, determine the _______ of a proposition; the subject and predicate determine its content.

Answer 14

logical form

Question 15

The quality and quantity, taken together, determine the logical form of a proposition; the subject and predicate determine its ______.

Answer 15

content

Question 16

The short hands for this are as follows: the two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin word ____

Answer 16

Affirmo

I affirm

Question 17

In the shorthand the two affirmative forms are A and I, the first two vowels of the Latin word affirmo (“I affirm”). The negative forms are E and 0, the vowels in _____

Answer 17

nego (“I deny”).

Question 18

To work with a categorical statement, we need to formulate it as one of the four standard
forms which are:

Answer 18

A, E, I, or 0

Question 19

To work with a categorical statement, the quantity must be explicitly indicated by a quantifier - a
word such as ….

Answer 19

“all,” “no ,” or “some. “

Question 20

To work with a categorical statement, the ______ must be explicitly indicated by a _______ - a
word such as “all,” “no ,” or “some. “

Answer 20

“quantity” must be explicitly indicated by a “quantifier”

Question 21

To work with a categorical statement, the_____ must always be some form of the verb “to be”: “is,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “will be” (and their negative forms).

Answer 21

copula

Question 22

To work with a categorical statement, the copula must always be some form of the verb “____”: “is,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “will be” (and their negative forms).

Answer 22

to be

Question 23

Some categorical propositions have subject terms referring to a single person, place, or thing rather than to a class. For example, “New York is a large city.” or “Tom is a good basketball player.” In logic, a statement of this sort is called a _______.

Answer 23

singular proposition

Question 24

Words that indicate quantity are called ________.

Answer 24

quantifiers

Question 25

The following are some examples of _______ ________? "No" dinosaur ate sushi. Not "a" creature was stirring. "None" of the telephone is working.

Answer 25

nonstandard quantifiers

Question 26

The following nonstandard quantifiers are universal "negative" or universal "affirmative"? "No" dinosaur ate sushi. Not "a" creature was stirring. "None" of the telephone is working.

Answer 26

Negative

Question 27

The following nonstandard quantifiers are universal "negative" or universal "affirmative"? "All" whales are mammals. "A" cat is a predator. "Every" president faces unexpected challenges. "Each" item on the menu must has a price. "Any" student using the gym must show an ID.

Answer 27

Affirmative

Question 28

In the statements "All bread is nutritious" and "No bread is nutritious" these are obviously opposing statements. They cannot both be true. We identify this relationship in logic by them _______ propositions.

Answer 28

Contrary

Question 29

If you accept the proposition "Some bread is not nutritious" then you cannot also accept the proposition, "All bread is nutritious, " and vice versa. As a result if one is true, the other is false, and vice versa. Propositions that have this relationship are called ________ .

Answer 29

Contradictories or Contradictory propositions

Question 30

A statement lacks _____ if their truth does not rely on their existence

Answer 30

Existential import

Question 31

A statement has existential import when....

Answer 31

When it's existence relies on the truth of the statement

Question 32

True or False: "Particular statement" have existential import: Their truth does depend on existence of Ss

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True or False: Universal statements have existential import as their existence rely on the existence of S or truth

Answer 33

False they lack existential import because their existence does not rely on S or truth

Question 34

Method of using two circles in a Venn diagram was developed by who?

Answer 34

John Venn, an English mathematician

Question 35

A statement has ______ only if its truth depends on the existence of things in a specific category (signified by the subject term in a categorical proposition).

Answer 35

existential import

Question 36

existential import is when ....

Answer 36

A statement has existential import only if its truth depends on the existence of things in a specific category (signified by the subject term in a categorical proposition).

Question 37

True or False: Traditional model views: A entails I.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Traditional view: A entails "I." | But suppose there are no Ss. On the modern view: "I" would be true or false

Answer 38

"I" would be false

Question 39

The following is an example of a categorical ________: Socrates is a man. All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal.

Answer 39

syllogism A syllogism will be made up of 3 sentences. Each of the three sentences will be called a proposition.[define 1] Socrates is a man. → PROPOSITION 1 All men are mortal. → PROPOSITION 2 Socrates is mortal. → PROPOSITION 3

Question 40

Which of the following propositions has form A, "champagne" as the subject, and "carbonated beverage" as the predicate? Select one: a. All champagnes are carbonated beverages. b. All carbonated beverages are champagnes. c. Some champagnes are not carbonated beverages. d. Some carbonated beverages are champagnes. e. Some champagnes are carbonated beverages.

Answer 40

a. All champagnes are carbonated beverages.

Question 41

In the modern square of opposition, how many types of relationships among propositions are considered? Select one: a. two b. five c. three d. one e. four

Answer 41

one

Question 42

In subalternates, the propositions are such that: Select one: a. they cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false b. they could not both be false, but could both be true c. if the universal is false, then the particular must be false d. they could not both be true, but could both be false e. if the universal is true, then the particular must be true

Answer 42

The correct answer is: if the universal is true, then the particular must be true

Question 43

In a categorical proposition, does the quantifier modify the subject term or the predicate term? Select one: a. either one, but never both b. only the predicate c. neither d. both e. only the subject

Answer 43

only the subject

Question 44

If the following sentence were put into standard form as a categorical proposition, what would the copula be? Nothing quenches thirst like a glass of iced tea. Select one: a. are not b. are c. is d. is not e. can

Answer 44

is

Question 45

"Every president faces unexpected challenges" is what type of proposition? Select one: a. O b. E c. A d. I e. non-categorical

Answer 45

The correct answer is: | A

Question 46

Which of the following is the complete list of the logical components of a categorical proposition? Select one: a. subject, predicate nominative, predicate adjective b. subject, predicate, copula, quantifier c. subject, predicate d. subject, object, place, time e. subject, verb, direct object, indirect object

Answer 46

Subject, predicate, copula, quantifier

Question 47

In Venn diagrams, an X is used to indicate that: Select one: a. you've made an error in that part of the diagram b. something doesn't exist c. the proposition does not have a subject d. the proposition does not have a predicate e. something exists

Answer 47

Something exists

Question 48

Draw a Venn diagram that represents the proposition "All S are P"

Answer 48

Only the outside of the "S" subject is shaded (not the overlapping parts and none of "P") The whole left region, S, shaded out. Only the part of S that overlaps with P is left unshaded, meaning that if something is an S, it is also a P.

Question 49

Draw a Venn diagram that represents the proposition "Some S are not P"

Answer 49

An X is placed in the left region, "S", to indicate that something exists