Chapter 12 Flashcards
Hasty generalization is …
a fallacy because a single instance doesn’t necessarily prove a general rule.
____ is a fallacy because a single instance doesn’t necessarily prove a general rule.
Hasty generalization is a fallacy because a single instance doesn’t necessarily prove a general rule.
When considering generalizations: If l say that all athletes are dumb, and you point out that the varsity quarterback is getting excellent grades, you have proved me wrong. However, a single positive instance…
does not prove that a generalization is true. Equally the fact that one athlete is a weak student doesn’t prove that all of them are.
the method of induction by _____ is appropriate to use when we are dealing with small classes—an author ‘s complete works , the members of a family, the clothes in your closet —where we know something about each member individually.
the method of induction by complete enumeration
A _____ is a deductive argument with two premises, in which the premises and the conclusion are categorical propositions.
categorical syllogism
A _____ (Greek: “conclusion, inference”) is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
syllogism
What are the Three Rules for Generalizing?
- The sample should be sufficiently numerous and various.
- We should look for disconfirming as well as confirming instances of a generalization.
- We should consider whether a link between S and Pis plausible in light of other knowledge we possess.
The following is an example of what type of physiological reasoning:
When we are angry at someone, our minds tend to multiply examples of how that person has wronged or offended us and to forget the other times when the person was fair or kind.
confirmation bias, the tendency to look for and give weight to evidence supporting a conclusion while ignoring, downplaying, or failing to seek evidence against it.
—– is the tendency to look for and give weight to evidence supporting a conclusion while ignoring, downplaying, or failing to seek evidence against it.
confirmation bias
confirmation bias
the tendency to look for and give weight to evidence supporting a conclusion while ignoring, downplaying, or failing to seek evidence against it.
The following is an example of what type of physiological reasoning:
People tend to rely on sources of news - television or radio stations, Web sites, newspapers, etc.- that share their political orientation, rather than seeking news and ideas that challenge their views.
confirmation bias
A concept is an idea; a word is the linguistic vehicle we use to express the idea. And the class of things that a concept stands for are called the \_\_\_\_\_. The \_\_\_\_ of DOG, for example, are all the individual dogs in the world.
Referents
Generalizing is an effort to identify connections among traits. But the term connection is pretty vague. In most cases, we are talking about _____
causality
Causality
generalizing in order to identify connections or causalities amongst traits
______ may involve interactions among things: collisions between air masses produce rain, a lighted match will set paper on fire. Or it may be a connection between the properties of an object and the way it acts: Uncommunicative people don ‘t make friends easily, a car’s design affects its performance , a charged particle will
attract or repel other charged particles.
causality