Chapter 1

Question 1

Logic is the study of the methods and standards of _____

Answer 1

Inference; evaluating inferences and learning to distinguish good from bad inferences.

Question 2

Most states have passed laws that require the use of seat belts while in cars. When evaluating this regulatory act, opponents often use the argument of someone who once survived an accident because they did not wear a seat belt. Are opponents making too much of the exceptions? Also, say we ignore the opponent’s argument and we just consider that seat belts are safer, the other concept to be explored is the fact that it is safe enough to justify a law and the government requiring us to be safe?

What things might we take into account while debating the above…

Answer 2

A. Are we using statistics to assess this argument. If so are we making proper use of that data.

B. In the case of whether or not the govt should dictate a law for safety, is there any data or statistical evidence to help settle this argument?

Question 3

Two areas of logic that can cause people to talk past each other in an argument are ____ and ____

Answer 3

Concepts and definitions; when each person has different meanings to the words or concepts being discussed

For example, grading student work: grading with letter grades or grading as in any form of evaluation?

Question 4

_____ in this context means staying aligned with the facts, guiding our thought processes by s concern for truth

Answer 4

Objectivity

Question 5

The essence of ______ is the ability to step back from our train of thought and examine it critically.

Answer 5

Objectivity

Question 6

True or False: Objectivity does not require you to be neutral, nonpartisan, or indifferent to an issue

Answer 6

True, objectivity requires that you give a fair hearing to the evidence and arguments from the other side even if you reject them in the end. Because even if your view is right any single perspective does not reveal the whole truth. Their is something to be learned in the discussion with those of opposing views.

Question 7

Nouns stand for groups (tigers, tables, etc); organizing these things into groups is called classifications and a word that stand for such a group expresses _____ what?

Answer 7

Concept

Question 8

A concept is an idea and a word is the linguistic vehicle we use to express that idea. The class of things that a concept stands for are called_______? What?

Answer 8

Referents of the concepts; a single word helps refers back to the concept

Question 9

A broader concept is termed_____. Thus dog and cat are both species within the ____, Animal.

Answer 9

Genus

Question 10

The narrower concept is referred to as___. Thus cat and dog are both ____ within the genus animal.

Answer 10

Species

Question 11

Abstract means two things in logic, 1) that a concept refers to a group of objects and not just a single thing and 2) because it groups together things that are different from one another because but yet they are _____.

Answer 11

Similar

Question 12

True or False: the term concrete is limited to physical, tangible things

Answer 12

False see page 12; the term is NOT limited to physical, tangible things

Question 13

True or false: the term abstract only means the intangible?

Answer 13

False see page 12; every concept, not just those for objects or entities, has some particular degree of abstractness, as every concept fits into some species-genus relationship.

Question 14

______ is the process of sorting things into categories

Answer 14

Classification

Question 15

The first rule of classification is that species should not overlap as they must be “mutually _____”

Answer 15

Mutually exclusive: each species much exclude all members of its other species

Question 16

Good classification should be both mutually exclusive and ________ _________?

Answer 16

Jointly exhaustive

Question 17

True or False: the need for a consistent principle does not require a “single” principle

Answer 17

True, it is appropriate to use multiple principles of classification whenever we are dealing with complex phenomena.

Question 18

The second rule of classification is to use a principle based on the essential attributes of the things being classified. An essential attribute is _________?

Answer 18

A fundamental one, an attribute that makes a thing what it is

Question 19

What are the two rules of classification?

Answer 19

1. A single principle or set of principles should be used consistently so that the categories (species) are mutually exclusive AND jointly exhaustive
2. The principle(s) should be essential as in they make the thing what it is

Question 20

______ is the process of putting things together into groups on the basis of similarities

Answer 20

Classification

Question 21

A ______ is an idea that represents classifications / the grouping of things based on similarities

Answer 21

Concept

Question 22

The concepts of a classification are organized into hierarchies of ______ and _____

Answer 22

Genus and species

Question 23

True or False: Every concept is abstract to some degree; a genus is less abstract than its species.

Answer 23

False the genus is more abstract than its species

Question 24

When we subdivide genus into species we should use a consistent _______, so that the species are ______ _______ and jointly exhaustive

Answer 24

Principle, so that the species are mutually exclusive

Question 25

Why should we only use essential attributes?

Answer 25

So that the members of each species are fundamentally alike and fundamentally different from members of other species

Question 26

Classify

Answer 26

To group things into species and genuses according to their similarities and differences

Question 27

Referents

Answer 27

The class of things for which a concept stands

Question 28

Genus

Answer 28

A class of things regarded as having various subcategories (its species)

Question 29

Mutually exclusive

Answer 29

In a classification, the property that each species excludes the members of other species

Question 30

Jointly exhaustive

Answer 30

In a classification, the property that the species taken together cover all the objects in the genus

Question 31

Whenever we classify something we make use of concepts— ideas that represent______

Answer 31

Classes of things that we have grouped together

Question 32

The class of things that a concept stands for are called ______ of the concept

Answer 32

referents

Question 33

Consider the following list of concepts: lettuce, root vegetables, carrots, edible plants, peas, corn. If these terms were organize, what would be the highest concept?

Select one:
A. Stems
B. Edible plants
C. Roots
D. Food
E. Seeds

Answer 33

Edible plants

Question 34

Which of the following systems of classification employs a consistent principle?

Select one:
A. Fish: freshwater, edible, green
B. Clothes: warm, swimwear, hats, coats
C. Colors: bright, greens, pastels, soothing
D. Rooms: bedrooms, empty, square, kitchen
E. Vehicles: flying, ground, aquatic, submarine

Answer 34

E. Vehicles: flying, ground, aquatic, submarine

Question 35

Suppose that we are organizing the following religious affiliation: baptist, Methodist, catholic, Jewish. Which term should appear at the highest level of organization?

Select one:
A. Catholic
B. Methodist
C. religious affiliation
D. Jewish
E. Baptist

Answer 35

C. religious affiliation

Question 36

Which rule of classification is violated by the following system for classifying animals? INSECT, MAMMAL, FISH, BIRD

select one:
A. The species are not mutually exclusive.
B. There is/are no consistent principle(s)
C. The species are not jointly exhaustive
D. The essential attributes are not considered
E. No rule Is violated

Answer 36

C. The species are not jointly exhaustive

Question 37

A genus is a…

Select one:
A. Group of referents within a specie
B. Special or important referent
C. Person who is good at classification
D. Concept that is narrower than a precise
E. Concept that is broader than a species

Answer 37

E. Concept that is broader than a species

Question 38

The relationship of POSTAL WORKER to CIVIL SERVANT is…

Select one:

a. concept to referent
b. genus to species
c. species to genus
d. referent to concept
e. abstract concept to concrete concept

Answer 38

c. species to genus

Question 39

Which of the following is a concept?

Select one:

a. Fred Flintstone
b. animal CorrectCorrect
c. the Statue of Liberty
d. South Africa
e. my first car

Answer 39

b. animal

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

Select one:

a. A genus and its species are always equally concrete.
b. We never apply the term “concrete” to concepts like genus and species.
c. A species is always more concrete than its genus.
d. Sometimes the genus is more concrete, and sometimes its species are more concrete.
e. A genus is always more concrete than its species.

Answer 40

c. A species is always more concrete than its genus.

Question 41

Essential attributes are properties that are…

Select one:

a. mutually exclusive
b. fundamental or important
c. jointly exhaustive
d. understood and appreciated by everyone
e. consistent or the same

Answer 41

b. fundamental or important

Question 42

Consider the following list: BEVERAGE / Pepsi / SOFT DRINK. Which of the following is more abstract than all of the terms on the list?

Select one:

a. cake
b. this particular glass of Pepsi
c. liquid
d. Coca Cola
e. cow’s milk

Answer 42

c. liquid