Chapter 14 Flashcards
Consider the following statements:
1. The population of South Carolina is about 4.5 mil- lion people.
2. The annual homicide rate in the United States is 5.6 per 100,000.
3. Ninety-seven percent of people who eat choco- late bunnies start with the ears.
4. InFrance before the Revolution of 1789,the median age of death was lower than the median age of marriage.
Each of these statements is a______
statistical proposition
a statistical proposition attributes a ____/____ property to some class of things
quantitative, numerical
______ deals primarily with qualitative reasoning
Logic
It is or it is not unusual for a given conclusion to be supported by statistical as well as nonstatistical arguments?
It is not unusual
______ deal with classesof things
Statistics
_________ also deal with the properties that members of a class possess, especially the measurable properties. And properties , like classes of objects, have different levels of abstractness that we can arrange in a hierarchy. Color, for example, is a more abstract, generic quality in relation to specific colors such as red or green.
Statistics
Statistics also deal with the properties that members of a ______ possess, especially the ______ properties.
Class,
Measurable
In statistics, a ______ quality is called a variable
Generic
In statistics, the specific qualities of a class or variable are called ________.
Values
In statistics, red and green would be _____ of the variable color
Values
_____ and ______ would be values of the variable political party affiliation.
Republican and Democrat
Qualitative variables are
are variables that are not numerical. It describes data that fits into categories. For example: Eye colors (variables include: blue, green, brown, hazel)
Quantitative variable
is numerical. Examples: Height, age, crop yield, GPA, salary, temperature, area, air pollution index (measured in parts per million), etc.
A _________ statement says how many things in a class S have the property P; it tells us the ______ with which P occurs in that class.
frequency, frequency
An _____ statement gives the actual number of Ss that are P- for example, 2,149 students at Tiptop College are humanities majors.
absolute frequency
An _____ statement gives the actual number of Ss that are P- for example, 2,149 students at Tiptop College are humanities majors. A ___________ statement gives the proportionof Ss that are P- for example, 36% of the students at Tiptop College are humanities majors
Absolute frequency
Relative frequency
A ________ statement divides the Ss into two subclasses, those that are P and those that are not P: humanities majors versus nonhumanities majors , employed people ver- sus unemployed people, and so on.
Frequency statements
When indicating the proportion that fall into each subclass the result is called a _________
frequency distribution
In statistics, just as it is in rules of classification, the principle or set of principles should be used consistently so that the species or categories are….
mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive.
a statistic gives us numerical information about some class of things. In statistics, that class is called a _________.
population
What are the different types of statistics?
totals , frequencies , averages
The method statisticians have devised is the use of random samples. The reason is that if we choose our sample randomly, then …
every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
statistical generalization is a claim about ….
Ratio, frequency, distribution, average, or median value in a population, based on information about a random sample
_______ is a claim about ratio, frequency, distribution, average, or median value in a population, based on information about a random sample
statistical generalization
Concomitant variation
The method in which a quantitative change in the effect is associate with quantitative changes in the given factor.
The following is an example of which of Mill’s methods:
If your car makes a funny noise when you accelerate, you might take your foot off of the pedal and see whether the noise goes away.
Method of difference
The follow is an example of which of Mill’s methods:
If you car makes a funny noise when you accelerate, you might vary the pressure on the pedal to see whether the noise varies in intensity. That would be the method of…
Concomitant variation
