CHAPTER 6: Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Flashcards
The relatively consistent blend of
emotions, temperament, thought, and
behavior that makes a person unique.
personality
Subjective reactions to experience that
are associated with physiological and
behavioral changes
emotions
Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn
infants gaze at their parents and smile
at them, signaling positive participation
in the relationship.
social smiling
Infant smiles at an object and then
gazes at an adult while still smiling.
anticipatory smiling
Emotions, such as pride, shame, and
guilt, that depend on both self- awareness
and knowledge of socially accepted
standards of behavior.
self-evaluative emotions
Emotions, such as embarrassment,
empathy, and envy, that depend on
self-awareness.
self-conscious emotions
Realization that one’s existence and
functioning are separate from those of
other people and things.
self-awareness
Activity intended to help another
person with no expectation of reward.
altruistic behavior
Ability to put oneself in another
person’s place and feel what the other
person feels.
empathy
Neurons that fi re when a person does
something or observes someone else
doing the same thing.
mirror neurons
The ability to understand that others
have mental states and to gauge their
feelings and actions.
social cognition
Characteristic disposition or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.
temperament
Children whose temperament is
generally mild but who are hesitant
about accepting new experiences.
“slow-to-warm-up” children
Children with a generally happy
temperament, regular biological
rhythms, and a readiness to accept
new experiences.
“easy” children
Appropriateness of environmental
demands and constraints to a child’s
temperament.
goodness of fit
Children with irritable temperament,
irregular biological rhythms, and intense
emotional responses.
“difficult” children
Socialization process by which children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.
gender-typing
Significance of being male or female.
gender
Erikson’s fi rst stage in psychosocial
development, in which infants develop
a sense of the reliability of people and
objects.
basic sense of trust versus mistrust
Reciprocal, enduring tie between two
people—especially between infant and
caregiver—each of whom contributes to
the quality of the relationship.
attachment
Laboratory technique used to study
infant attachment.
Strange Situation
Pattern in which an infant cries or
protests when the primary caregiver
leaves and actively seeks out the
caregiver on his or her return.
secure attachment
Pattern in which an infant rarely cries
when separated from the primary
caregiver and avoids contact on his or
her return.
avoidant attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes
anxious before the primary caregiver
leaves, is extremely upset during his or
her absence, and both seeks and
resists contact on his or her return.
ambivalent (resistant) attachment
Pattern in which an infant, after
separation from the primary caregiver,
shows contradictory, repetitious, or
misdirected behaviors on his or her
return.
disorganized-disoriented attachment
Wariness of strange people and places,
shown by some infants during the
second half of the 1st year.
stranger anxiety
Distress shown by someone, typically
an infant, when a familiar caregiver
leaves.
separation anxiety
Sense of self; descriptive and
evaluative mental picture of one’s
abilities and traits.
self-concept
Understanding an ambiguous situation
by seeking another person’s perception
of it.
social referencing
Process by which infant and caregiver
communicate emotional states to each
other and respond appropriately.
mutual regulation
Development of habits, skills, values,
and motives shared by responsible,
productive members of a society.
socialization
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial
development, in which children achieve
a balance between self-determination
and control by others.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
During socialization, process by which
children accept societal standards of
conduct as their own.
internalization
A child’s independent control of
behavior to conform to understood
social expectations.
self-regulation
Internal standards of behavior, which
usually control one’s conduct and
produce emotional discomfort when
violated.
conscience
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a
parent’s orders only in the presence of
signs of ongoing parental control.
situational compliance
Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses.
committed compliance
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness
to cooperate harmoniously with a
parent in daily interactions, including
routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
receptive cooperation
Physically or psychologically harmful
sexual activity or any sexual activity
involving a child and an older person.
sexual abuse
Action taken deliberately to endanger
another person, involving potential
bodily injury.
physical abuse
Rejection, terrorization, isolation,
exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or
failure to provide emotional support,
love, and affection; or other action or
inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental
disorders.
emotional maltreatment
Failure to meet a dependent’s basic
needs.
neglect
Slowed or arrested physical growth with
no known medical cause, accompanied
by poor developmental and emotional
functioning.
nonorganic failure to thrive
Form of maltreatment in which shaking
an infant or toddler can cause brain
damage, paralysis, or death.
shaken baby syndrome
