CHAPTER 6: Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

Question 1

The relatively consistent blend of
emotions, temperament, thought, and
behavior that makes a person unique.

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

Subjective reactions to experience that
are associated with physiological and
behavioral changes

Answer 2

emotions

Question 2

Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn
infants gaze at their parents and smile
at them, signaling positive participation
in the relationship.

Answer 2

social smiling

Question 2

Infant smiles at an object and then
gazes at an adult while still smiling.

Answer 2

anticipatory smiling

Question 2

Emotions, such as pride, shame, and
guilt, that depend on both self- awareness
and knowledge of socially accepted
standards of behavior.

Answer 2

self-evaluative emotions

Question 3

Emotions, such as embarrassment,
empathy, and envy, that depend on
self-awareness.

Answer 3

self-conscious emotions

Question 3

Realization that one’s existence and
functioning are separate from those of
other people and things.

Answer 3

self-awareness

Question 3

Activity intended to help another
person with no expectation of reward.

Answer 3

altruistic behavior

Question 4

Ability to put oneself in another
person’s place and feel what the other
person feels.

Answer 4

empathy

Question 5

Neurons that fi re when a person does
something or observes someone else
doing the same thing.

Answer 5

mirror neurons

Question 6

The ability to understand that others
have mental states and to gauge their
feelings and actions.

Answer 6

social cognition

Question 7

Characteristic disposition or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.

Answer 7

temperament

Question 8

Children whose temperament is
generally mild but who are hesitant
about accepting new experiences.

Answer 8

“slow-to-warm-up” children

Question 8

Children with a generally happy
temperament, regular biological
rhythms, and a readiness to accept
new experiences.

Answer 8

“easy” children

Question 8

Appropriateness of environmental
demands and constraints to a child’s
temperament.

Answer 8

goodness of fit

Question 8

Children with irritable temperament,
irregular biological rhythms, and intense
emotional responses.

Answer 8

“difficult” children

Question 9

Socialization process by which children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.

Answer 9

gender-typing

Question 9

Significance of being male or female.

Answer 9

gender

Question 10

Erikson’s fi rst stage in psychosocial
development, in which infants develop
a sense of the reliability of people and
objects.

Answer 10

basic sense of trust versus mistrust

Question 10

Reciprocal, enduring tie between two
people—especially between infant and
caregiver—each of whom contributes to
the quality of the relationship.

Answer 10

attachment

Question 10

Laboratory technique used to study
infant attachment.

Answer 10

Strange Situation

Question 11

Pattern in which an infant cries or
protests when the primary caregiver
leaves and actively seeks out the
caregiver on his or her return.

Answer 11

secure attachment

Question 12

Pattern in which an infant rarely cries
when separated from the primary
caregiver and avoids contact on his or
her return.

Answer 12

avoidant attachment

Question 13

Pattern in which an infant becomes
anxious before the primary caregiver
leaves, is extremely upset during his or
her absence, and both seeks and
resists contact on his or her return.

Answer 13

ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Question 14

Pattern in which an infant, after
separation from the primary caregiver,
shows contradictory, repetitious, or
misdirected behaviors on his or her
return.

Answer 14

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 15

Wariness of strange people and places,
shown by some infants during the
second half of the 1st year.

Answer 15

stranger anxiety

Question 15

Distress shown by someone, typically
an infant, when a familiar caregiver
leaves.

Answer 15

separation anxiety

Question 15

Sense of self; descriptive and
evaluative mental picture of one’s
abilities and traits.

Answer 15

self-concept

Question 15

Understanding an ambiguous situation
by seeking another person’s perception
of it.

Answer 15

social referencing

Question 15

Process by which infant and caregiver
communicate emotional states to each
other and respond appropriately.

Answer 15

mutual regulation

Question 15

Development of habits, skills, values,
and motives shared by responsible,
productive members of a society.

Answer 15

socialization

Question 16

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial
development, in which children achieve
a balance between self-determination
and control by others.

Answer 16

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 16

During socialization, process by which
children accept societal standards of
conduct as their own.

Answer 16

internalization

Question 17

A child’s independent control of
behavior to conform to understood
social expectations.

Answer 17

self-regulation

Question 18

Internal standards of behavior, which
usually control one’s conduct and
produce emotional discomfort when
violated.

Answer 18

conscience

Question 18

Kochanska’s term for obedience of a
parent’s orders only in the presence of
signs of ongoing parental control.

Answer 18

situational compliance

Question 18

Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses.

Answer 18

committed compliance

Question 18

Kochanska’s term for eager willingness
to cooperate harmoniously with a
parent in daily interactions, including
routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

Answer 18

receptive cooperation

Question 18

Physically or psychologically harmful
sexual activity or any sexual activity
involving a child and an older person.

Answer 18

sexual abuse

Question 19

Action taken deliberately to endanger
another person, involving potential
bodily injury.

Answer 19

physical abuse

Question 19

Rejection, terrorization, isolation,
exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or
failure to provide emotional support,
love, and affection; or other action or
inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental
disorders.

Answer 19

emotional maltreatment

Question 19

Failure to meet a dependent’s basic
needs.

Answer 19

neglect

Question 20

Slowed or arrested physical growth with
no known medical cause, accompanied
by poor developmental and emotional
functioning.

Answer 20

nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 21

Form of maltreatment in which shaking
an infant or toddler can cause brain
damage, paralysis, or death.

Answer 21

shaken baby syndrome