Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years

Question 1

An apt term for the process of giving birth.

Answer 1

Labor

Question 2

The act or process of giving birth.

Answer 2

parturition

Question 2

WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH?

Answer 2

Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby
Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta

Question 3

During this stage, regular and increasingly frequent uterine contractions—15 to 20 minutes apart at first—cause the cervix to shorten and dilate, or widen, in preparation for delivery.

Answer 3

Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix

Question 3

It begins when the baby’s head begins to move through the cervix into the vaginal canal, and it ends when the baby emerges completely from the mother’s body.

Answer 3

Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby

Question 4

During this stage, the placenta and the remainder of the umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.

Answer 4

Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta

Question 4

At the end of this stage, the baby is born but is still attached to the placenta in the mother’s body by the umbilical cord, which must be cut and clamped.

Answer 4

Stage 3: Expulsion of Placenta

Question 5

The third stage that lasts between 10 minutes and 1 hour.

Answer 5

Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta

Question 6

The first stage, is the longest, typically lasting 12 to 14 hours for a woman having her first child. In subsequent births, the first stage tends to be shorter.

Answer 6

Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix

Question 7

If this stage lasts longer than 2 hours, signaling that the baby may need help, a doctor may grasp the baby’s head with forceps or, more often, use vacuum extraction with a suction cup to pull the baby out of the mother’s body.

Answer 7

Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby

Question 8

The second stage, that typically lasts up to an hour or two.

Answer 8

Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby

Question 9

Toward the end of the first stage, contractions occur every 2 to 5 minutes. This stage lasts until the cervix is fully open (10 centimeters, or about 4 inches) so the baby can descend into the birth canal.

Answer 9

Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix

Question 10

Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.

Answer 10

electronic fetal monitoring

Question 11

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

Answer 11

Cesarean delivery

Question 12

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

Answer 12

natural childbirth

Question 13

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

Answer 13

doula

Question 14

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

Answer 14

neonatal period

Question 15

Condition, in many newborn babies, is caused by immaturity of the liver and is evidenced by a yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.

Answer 15

neonatal jaundice

Question 15

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.

Answer 15

neonate

Question 15

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.

Answer 15

Anoxia

Question 16

Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Answer 16

Apgar scale

Question 16

Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.

Answer 16

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Question 17

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.

Answer 17

state of arousal

Question 17

Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.

Answer 17

low-birth-weight babies

Question 17

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

Answer 17

preterm (premature) infants

Question 18

Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.

Answer 18

small-for-date (small-for-gestational age) infants

Question 19

Factors increasing the likelihood that a woman will have an underweight baby includes?

Answer 19

(1) demographic and socioeconomic factors; (2) medical factors predating the pregnancy; (3) prenatal behavioral and environmental factors; and (4) medical conditions associated with the pregnancy.

Question 19

Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.

Answer 19

kangaroo care

Question 20

A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period.

Answer 20

postmature

Question 20

Influence that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.

Answer 20

protective factors

Question 21

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.

Answer 21

stillbirth

Question 21

Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.

Answer 21

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 21

Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.

Answer 21

Infant mortality rate sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 21

The Principle is that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, the upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk.

Answer 21

cephalocaudal principle

Question 21

Principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.

Answer 21

Proximodistal principle

Question 22

The _____ and_____ (the part of the brain responsible for such basic bodily functions as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and the sleep-wake cycle) have nearly run their course.

Answer 22

spinal cord brain stem

Question 22

Brain and spinal cord (a bundle of nerves running through the backbone)—and of a growing peripheral network of nerves extending to every part of the body.

Answer 22

central nervous system

Question 22

The _____ (the part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination) grows fastest during the 1st year of life.

Answer 22

cerebellum

Question 22

The _____, the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions.

Answer 22

cerebrum

Question 22

Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.

Answer 22

lateralization

Question 23

It is composed of neurons and glial cells

Answer 23

brain

Question 23

_____ or nerve cells, send and receive information.

Answer 23

Neurons

Question 23

Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.

Answer 23

Integration

Question 23

It nourish and protect the neurons.

Answer 23

Glia, or glial cells

Question 23

Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions

Answer 23

Differentiation

Question 24

In brain development, the normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.

Answer 24

Cell death

Question 25

Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells.

Answer 25

myelination

Question 26

Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.

Answer 26

reflex behaviors

Question 26

______: reactions to changes in position or balance

Answer 26

Postural reflexes

Question 27

______, such as the walking and swimming reflexes

Answer 27

Locomotor reflexes

Question 28

Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience.

Answer 28

plasticity

Question 28

WHAT ARE THE EARLY SENSORY CAPACITIES

Answer 28

Touch and Pain Smell and Taste Hearing Sight

Question 29

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Answer 29

systems of action

Question 30

A Screening test is given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally.

Answer 30

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Question 31

skills Physical skills that involve large muscles

Answer 31

gross motor

Question 32

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 32

fine motor skills

Question 33

Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.

Answer 33

Visual guidance

Question 33

Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.

Answer 33

depth perception

Question 33

Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them

Answer 33

haptic perception

Question 34

Apparatus was designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.

Answer 34

visual cliff

Question 35

Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts.

Answer 35

ecological theory of perception

Question 36

Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.

Answer 36

dynamic systems theory (DST)