Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years Flashcards
An apt term for the process of giving birth.
Labor
The act or process of giving birth.
parturition
WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH?
Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby
Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta
During this stage, regular and increasingly frequent uterine contractions—15 to 20 minutes apart at first—cause the cervix to shorten and dilate, or widen, in preparation for delivery.
Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix
It begins when the baby’s head begins to move through the cervix into the vaginal canal, and it ends when the baby emerges completely from the mother’s body.
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby
During this stage, the placenta and the remainder of the umbilical cord are expelled from the mother.
Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta
At the end of this stage, the baby is born but is still attached to the placenta in the mother’s body by the umbilical cord, which must be cut and clamped.
Stage 3: Expulsion of Placenta
The third stage that lasts between 10 minutes and 1 hour.
Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta
The first stage, is the longest, typically lasting 12 to 14 hours for a woman having her first child. In subsequent births, the first stage tends to be shorter.
Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix
If this stage lasts longer than 2 hours, signaling that the baby may need help, a doctor may grasp the baby’s head with forceps or, more often, use vacuum extraction with a suction cup to pull the baby out of the mother’s body.
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby
The second stage, that typically lasts up to an hour or two.
Stage 2: Descent and Emergence of the Baby
Toward the end of the first stage, contractions occur every 2 to 5 minutes. This stage lasts until the cervix is fully open (10 centimeters, or about 4 inches) so the baby can descend into the birth canal.
Stage 1: Dilation of the Cervix
Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.
electronic fetal monitoring
Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.
Cesarean delivery
Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.
natural childbirth
An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.
doula
First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
neonatal period
Condition, in many newborn babies, is caused by immaturity of the liver and is evidenced by a yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.
neonatal jaundice
Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.
neonate
Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.
Anoxia
Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
Apgar scale
Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.
state of arousal
Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.
low-birth-weight babies
Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
preterm (premature) infants
Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
small-for-date (small-for-gestational age) infants
Factors increasing the likelihood that a woman will have an underweight baby includes?
(1) demographic and socioeconomic factors;
(2) medical factors predating the pregnancy;
(3) prenatal behavioral and environmental factors; and
(4) medical conditions associated with the pregnancy.
Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.
kangaroo care
A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period.
postmature
Influence that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.
protective factors
Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
stillbirth
Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.
Infant mortality rate sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The Principle is that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, the upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk.
cephalocaudal principle
Principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
Proximodistal principle
The _____ and_____ (the part of the brain responsible for such basic bodily functions as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and the sleep-wake cycle) have nearly run their course.
spinal cord
brain stem
Brain and spinal cord (a bundle of nerves running through the backbone)—and of a growing peripheral network of nerves extending to every part of the body.
central nervous system
The _____ (the part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination) grows fastest during the 1st year of life.
cerebellum
The _____, the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions.
cerebrum
Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.
lateralization
It is composed of neurons and glial cells
brain
_____ or nerve cells, send and receive information.
Neurons
Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.
Integration
It nourish and protect the neurons.
Glia, or glial cells
Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions
Differentiation
In brain development, the normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.
Cell death
Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells.
myelination
Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.
reflex behaviors
______: reactions to changes in position or balance
Postural reflexes
______, such as the walking and swimming reflexes
Locomotor reflexes
Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience.
plasticity
WHAT ARE THE EARLY SENSORY CAPACITIES
Touch and Pain
Smell and Taste
Hearing
Sight
Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.
systems of action
A Screening test is given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally.
Denver Developmental Screening Test
skills Physical skills that involve large muscles
gross motor
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
fine motor skills
Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
Visual guidance
Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
depth perception
Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them
haptic perception
Apparatus was designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.
visual cliff
Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts.
ecological theory of perception
Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.
dynamic systems theory (DST)
