Chapter 1: Human Development

Question 1

This field focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people

Answer 1

human development

Question 2

Pattern of change in mental abilities, such
as learning, attention, memory, language,
thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Answer 2

cognitive development

Question 2

Concept of human development as a
lifelong process, which can be studied
scientifically.

Answer 2

life-span development

Question 2

Growth of body and brain, including
patterns of change in sensory
capacities, motor skills, and health.

Answer 2

physical development

Question 3

Pattern of change in emotions,
personality, and social relationships.

Answer 3

psychosocial development

Question 3

Scientifi c study of processes of change
and stability throughout the human life
span.

Answer 3

human development

Question 4

Determine what domain of development is described below.

At around 4 years of age, Jason starts increasing the amount of questions he asks about the world, focusing on questions like “why?” and “how come?”

Answer 4

cognitive development

Question 5

Determine what domain of development is described below.

Katie used to only be able to see things from her perspective, but lately she has surprised her dad with comments that show she can put herself in someone else’s shoes.

Answer 5

cognitive development

Question 6

Determine what domain of development is described below.

Males experience growth in facial hair and a deepening of their voice.

Answer 6

physical development

Question 6

Determine what domain of development is described below.

Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and
affection.

Answer 6

psychosocial development

Question 7

Determine what domain of development is described below.

Significant improvements in fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 7

physical development

Question 7

Determine what domain of development is described below.

Brenda has been thinking a lot about how she learns lately. The other day, she told her teacher that she thinks she’s better at learning by watching things than reading things.

Answer 7

cognitive development

Question 8

A concept or practice that may appear
natural and obvious to those who
accept it, but that in reality is an inven-
tion of a particular culture or society.

Answer 8

social construction

Question 8

Determine what domain of development is described below.

An infant kicks both arms and legs while on back.

Answer 8

physical development

Question 9

Determine what domain of development is described below.

The teen may refuse to go with the family to the movies or may demonstrate his or her own will by refusing to do chores on the parent’s schedule.

Answer 9

psychosocial development

Question 10

Diff erences in characteristics, infl uences,
or developmental outcomes.

Answer 10

individual differences

Question 10

Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents.

Answer 10

heredity

Question 10

Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential,
influences on development.

Answer 10

environment

Question 10

Multigenerational kinship network of
parents, children, and other relatives,
sometimes living together in an
extended-family household.

Answer 10

extended family

Question 11

Two-generational kinship, economic,
and household unit consisting of one or
two parents and their biological children,
adopted children, or stepchildren.

Answer 11

nuclear family

Question 12

Unfolding of a natural sequence of
physical and behavioral changes.

Answer 12

maturation

Question 13

Conditions that increase the likelihood
of a negative developmental outcome.

Answer 13

risk factors

Question 13

A society’s or group’s total way of life,
including customs, traditions, beliefs,
values, language, and physical
products—all learned behavior, passed
on from parents to children.

Answer 13

culture

Question 13

A group united by ancestry, race, reli-
gion, language, or national origins,
which contribute to a sense of shared
identity.

Answer 13

ethnic group

Question 14

Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.

Answer 14

socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 14

Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early develop- ment, a young animal forms an attach- ment to the fi rst moving object it sees, usually the mother.

Answer 14

imprinting

Question 15

A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.

Answer 15

historical generation

Question 16

Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group.

Answer 16

normative

Question 17

Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures diff erences within the group.

Answer 17

ethnic gloss

Question 17

A group of people born at about the same time.

Answer 17

cohort

Question 17

Infl uences that are highly similar for people in a particular age group. The timing of biological events is fairly predictable within a normal range.

Answer 17

Normative age-graded

Question 18

Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.

Answer 18

nonnormative

Question 19

Infl uences that are signifi cant events (such as the Great Depression or World War II) that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation : a group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives.

Answer 19

Normative history-graded

Question 20

Specifi c time when a given event or its absence has a specifi c impact on development.

Answer 20

critical period

Question 20

Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.

Answer 20

sensitive periods

Question 21

What are the seven Life-Span Developmental Approach

Answer 21

1. Development is lifelong. 2. Development is multidimensional. 3. Development is multidirectional. 4. Relative infl uences of biology and culture shift over the life span. 5. Development involves changing resource allocations. 6. Development shows plasticity. 7. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context.

Question 21

Range of modifi ability of performance.

Answer 21

plasticity

Question 22

Each period of this approach is affected by what happened before and will affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less important than any other.

Answer 22

lifelong

Question 23

It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions—biological, psychological, and social—each of which may develop at varying rates.

Answer 23

multidimensional

Question 23

As people gain in one area, they may lose in another, sometimes at the same time. Children grow mostly in one direction— up—both in size and in abilities. Then the balance gradually shifts. Adolescents typically gain in physical abilities, but their facility in learning a new language typically declines. Some abilities, such as vocabulary, often continue to increase throughout most of adulthood; others, such as the ability to solve unfamiliar problems, may diminish; but some new attributes, such as wisdom, may increase with age.

Answer 23

multidirectional

Question 24

The process of development is infl uenced by both biology and culture, but the balance between these infl uences changes. Biological abilities, such as sensory acuity and muscu- lar strength and coordination, weaken with age, but cultural supports, such as education, relationships, and technologically age-friendly environments, may help compensate.

Answer 24

Relative infl uences of biology and culture

Question 25

Individuals choose to invest their resources of time, energy, talent, money, and social support in varying ways. Resources may be used for growth (for example, learning to play an instrument or improving one’s skill), for maintenance or recovery (practicing to maintain or regain profi ciency), or for dealing with loss when maintenance and recovery are not possible.

Answer 25

changing resource allocations.

Question 25

Many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved signifi cantly with training and practice, even late in life. However, even in children, this approach has limits that depend in part on the various infl uences on development.

Answer 25

plasticity

Question 26

Each person develops within multiple contexts—circumstances or conditions defi ned in part by maturation and in part by time and place. Human beings not only infl uence but also are infl uenced by their historical-cultural context.

Answer 26

historical and cultural context

Question 27

The scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as stay the same, from conception to death

Answer 27

Developmental Psychology

Question 28

Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human lifespan

Answer 28

Developmental Psychology

Question 29

an ever-evolving field

Answer 29

Developmental Psychology

Question 30

conception to birth

Answer 30

Prenatal period

Question 31

birth to age 3

Answer 31

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 31

ages 3 to 6

Answer 31

Early Childhood

Question 31

ages 6 to 11

Answer 31

Middle Childhood

Question 31

ages 11 to about 20

Answer 31

Adolescence

Question 32

ages 20 to 40

Answer 32

Emerging and Young Adulthood

Question 32

ages 40 to 65

Answer 32

Middle Adulthood

Question 33

age 65 and over

Answer 33

Late Adulthood