CHAPTER 5: Cognitive Development during the First Three Years Flashcards

1
Q

Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with the basic mechanics of learning.

A

Behaviorist approach

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2
Q

It is based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.

A

Classical conditioning Learning

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3
Q

It is based on the association of behavior with its consequences.

A

Operant conditioning Learning

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4
Q

Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively.

A

Psychometric approach

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5
Q

Behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.

A

Intelligent behavior

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6
Q

Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms.

A

IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

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7
Q

Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development.

A

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

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8
Q

Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth.

A

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

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9
Q

Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s developmental needs.

A

Early intervention

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10
Q

Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.

A

Piagetian approach

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11
Q

Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity.

A

Sensorimotor stage

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12
Q

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.

A

Schemes

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13
Q

Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance

A

Circular reactions

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14
Q

SUBSTAGES OF THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE

A
  1. Use of refl exes
  2. Primary circular reactions
  3. Secondary circular reactions
  4. Coordination of secondary schemes
  5. Tertiary circular reactions
  6. Mental combination
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15
Q

Piaget’s term for the capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events.

A

Representational ability

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16
Q

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see.

A

Visible imitation

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17
Q

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see.

A

Invisible imitation

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18
Q

Piaget’s term for the reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.

A

Deferred imitation

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19
Q

Research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before.

A

Elicited imitation

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20
Q

Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight.

A

Object permanence

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21
Q

Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.

A

Dual representation hypothesis

22
Q

Approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

A

Information-processing approach

23
Q

Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.

A

Visual preference

24
Q

Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.

A

Visual recognition memory

25
Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.
Habituation
26
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.
Dishabituation
27
Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.
Cross-modal transfer
28
Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.
violation-of-expectations
29
approach that seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.
cognitive neuroscience approach
30
Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; is sometimes called procedural memory.
Implicit memory
31
Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.
Explicit memory
32
Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
Working memory
33
approach that examines the effects of environmental aspect
social-contextual approach
34
Communication system based on words and grammar.
Language
35
Adult’s participation in a child’s activity helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s.
Guided participation
36
A Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.
Linguistic speech
37
Forerunner of linguistic speech; the utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning.
Prelinguistic speech
38
Single word that conveys a complete thought.
Holophrase
39
Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
Telegraphic speech
40
Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.
Syntax
41
Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.
Nativism
42
In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear
Language acquisition device (LAD)
43
Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.
Code Mixing
44
Ability to read and write.
Literacy
45
Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.
Code switching
46
Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.
Child-directed speech (CDS)
47
SUBSTAGE - newborns suck reflexively when their lips are touched.
first substage (birth to about 1 month) -
48
SUBSTAGE - babies learn to repeat purposely a pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance (say, sucking their thumbs); they begin to turn toward sounds, showing the ability to coordinate different kinds of sensory information (vision and hearing)
second substage (about 1 to 4 months)
49
SUBSTAGE - manipulating objects and learning about their properties; a baby this age might repeatedly shake a rattle to hear the noise
third substage (about 4 to 8 months) -
50
SUBSTAGE - crawling, pushing, and grabbing; marks the development of complex, goal-directed behavior
fourth substage (about 8 to 12 months)
51
SUBSTAGE - engaging in tertiary circular reactions; toddler may squeeze a rubber duck that squeaked when stepped on, to see whether it will squeak again; By trial and error, they try behaviors until they find the best way to attain a goal
fifth substage (about 12 to 18 months) -
52
SUBSTAGE - is a transition to the preoperational stage of early childhood. infants develop the abilities to think and remember
sixth substage (about 18 months to 2 years)