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Physio Midterm > Chapter 6 Physio > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological Signals
- 2 kinds

A
  1. Electric signals- changes in a cells membrane potential
  2. Chemical signals - molecules secreted by cells into ECF
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2
Q

Local Communications
3 types

A
  1. GAP JUNCTION
  2. CONTACT DEPENDENT SIGNALS
  3. AUTOCRINE SIGNALS
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3
Q

GAP JUNCTION IS

A

Direct communication cytoplasmic connection between cells

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4
Q

Contact dependent signals require

A

Cell to cell contacts

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5
Q

AUTOCRINE SIGNALS are

A

Self , CHEMICALS diffuse through ECF to act on nearby cells

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6
Q

Long Distance Communication
Uses…….

A

Uses chemical ( endocrine) & Electrical (nervous) signals

Example is CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
And endocrine system

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7
Q

Cytokines uses what type of signals

And involved mainly in

A

BOTH local and long distance signals

Involved in stress and inflammation

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8
Q

2 kinds of signals inside cell

A
  1. Lipophilic - hydrophobic ( fat loving)
  2. Lipophobic - Hydrophilic
    Can be found on the surface of the cell membrane
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9
Q

4 categories of membrane receptor - LIPOPHOBIC SIGNALS (hydrophilic)

A
  1. Receptor Channel
  2. G-protein coupled - GPCR
  3. Receptor Enzyme
  4. Intergrin receptor
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10
Q

1st messenger is

A

Receptor, signal outside cell

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11
Q

2nd Messanger is

A

Signal created inside the cell

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12
Q

Signal Transduction is

A

Process converting one signal to another
ONLY APPLIES TO LIPOPHOBIC SIGNALS

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13
Q

2 main purposes of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Cascade Reaction- cell to cell
  2. Amplification- one signal that creates more signals
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14
Q

2nd Messenger Pathways

A
  1. CAMP
  2. CGMP
  3. IP3
  4. DAG
  5. CA2+
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15
Q
  • Nucleotide

cAMP

Name the following :

Enzyme
Linked to
Action
Effects

A

L: GPCR

A: PKA

E: PHOSPHORYLATES PROTEINS

ENZYME : ADENYLYL CYCLASE

g protein coupled receptor = GPCR**

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16
Q
  • nucleotides

Cgmp

Name the following:

Enzyme
Linked to
Action
Effects

A

Enzyme : Guanylyl cyclase

L: Receptor Enzyme

A: PKG

E: Phosphorylates proteins

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17
Q

*Lipid Derived

IP3

Name the following :

Enzyme
Linked to
Action
Effects

A

E: Phospholipase C

L: GPCR

A: Releases CA2 (mostly found in SER )

Eff: CA2

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18
Q

*lipid derived

DAG

Name the following :

Enzyme
Linked to
Action
Effects

A

E: PLC

L: GPCR

A: activates protein kinase C

Eff: Phosphorylates Proteins

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19
Q

CA2+

Name the following :

Action
Effects

A

Action: Binds to calmodulin, contract smooth muscles

Binds to other proteins

Eff: Alters enzyme activity
Exocytosis , muscle contraction, cytoskeleton movement, channel opening

20
Q

What are Receptor Channels-

A

Ligands binds to receptor (1st messenger)
And opens gate allows ions to move

  • found in nerves and muscles, rapid signal
21
Q

Gases are Ephemereal Signal which are ……

A

Short lived

22
Q

Nitric Acid

A

cGMP
- Causes vasodilation

23
Q

Cannon’s Postulate

(Reflex pathway)

A

Nervous
Tonic
Antagonistic
One chemical signal

24
Q

ARACHIDONIC ACID CASCADE ( AA CASCADE)

Produce…..

A

Produce from membrane phospholipids

25
Q

2 Enzymes of AA cascade

And what do they convert to

A

Lipoxygenase - converts to leukotrienes

Cyclooxygenase - coverts to 2 prostaglandins and Thromboxanes

26
Q

Modulation of Signal pathways

A
  1. Specificity- shape
  2. Saturation - proteins working in max capacity
  3. Competition
27
Q

Agonists

A

Same Effect

28
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposite effect

Example: Insulin & Glucagon

29
Q

True or false

One Ligand may have multiple receptors

A

True

30
Q

Down Regulation

A

Decreases in receptor number

31
Q

Up-Regulation

A

Inserts more receptor in the membrane

32
Q

Process of converting one signal to another

A

Signal Transduction

33
Q

Sympathetic Nerves

A

Increase heart rate
- Antagonistic

34
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves

A

Decrease heart rate

  • Antagonistic
35
Q

What is IP3

A

Inositol Triphosphate

36
Q

What does Kinase do?

A

Transfers 1 phosphate from ATP to another molecule

37
Q

GPCR does

A

GPCR binds to Gprotein
Activates ADENYLYL CYCLASE
Converts ATP to cAMP
Activates PKA

38
Q

cGMP stands for what

A

Cyclic GMP

39
Q

Which category doesn’t have Gproteins?

A

Receptor enzyme

40
Q

What enzyme activates your cAMP

A

AC

41
Q

What receptors PLC is linked to?

A

IP3 AND DAG

42
Q

Which receptor has a product of PKG

A

CGMP

43
Q

AC stands for what?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

44
Q

What do you mean by Ephemeral

A

Short lived

45
Q

What does Ephemeral cause?

A

Vasodilation

46
Q

Receptor Enzyme does not have what?

A

Does NOT have Gprotein

47
Q

Calcium needs to activate

A

Exocytosis

Physio Midterm (6 decks)

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