Chapter 4 Flashcards
Energy
Comes from the sun
All living organisms need source of energy
Heliotropic organisms
Derived their energy from the sun
Energy is
The capacity to do work
3 kinds of energy
Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work is
Making and breaking chemical bonds
Transport work is
Cellular level movement
Mechanical work is
Gross movement
2 forms of energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion, energy in use
Potential energy
Store energy, concentration gradients & chemical bonds
Energy can be converted from
One form to another
Transformation efficiency
More heat = less efficient
Thermodynamics
Total amount of energy is constant
First Law of thermodynamics
Total amount of energy in universe is constant does NOT change
ENERGY IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED IN A CHEMICAL REACTION
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Second law of thermodynamics
State of order to disorder
Entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
Slowed down by input of energy
Bioenergetics
Study of energy for through biological systems
3 types of Bioenergetics
Chemical reactions
Free energy
Activation energy
Chemical Reaction
How fast it happens, reaction rate
Free energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds, within the chemicals
Activation Energy
PUSH to get started
“Jumpstart”
Total amount of energy is constant
First law
Exergonic reactions
Energy PRODUCING/ RELEASING
Endergonic
Energy utilizing/ trapping
Enzyme
Proteins (RNA)
- Speed up the rate of chemical REACTIONS
Catalysts
Speeds up chemical PROCESS
- Chemical reaction does NOT require enzymes
Enzymes ________ the activation energy of reactions
Lower
Phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate ( + )
Dephosphorylation
Removal of phosphate ( - )
3 Enzymes
Kinase
Phosphorylase
Phosphatase
Kinase
Transfers one phosphate from atp to another
Phosphorylase
Transfers one phosphate to another molecule without ATP
Phosphatase
Removes phosphate from any molecule
Metabolism is
All chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Catabolism
Is energy releasing “ breakdown”
- Exergonic
Anabolism is
Energy utilizing
Endergonic
5 ways cells regulate their metabolic pathways
- Controlling enzyme
- Feedback inhibition
- Using different enzymes
- Compartmentalizing
- Ratio of ATP to ADP
Aerobic
Needs oxygen
1 glucose yields 30-32 ATP
ANAEROBIC
Without oxygen
1 glucose yields 2 ATP
Humans need both Aerobic and Anaerobic
True or False
True
3 Catabolic Pathways that produce ATP
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle (krebs)
- Electron transport system ( ETS)
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose
- both anaerobic and aerobic
Glucose has _____ Carbons
6
Pyruvate has _______ carbons
3
GLYCOLYSIS
Location
Substrate
Product
L: CYTOSOL
S: 1 GLUCOSE
P: 2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Citric Acid Cycle KREBS
Location
Substrate
Product
L: Mitochondrial Matrix (inside mitochondria)
S: Acetyl, COA
P: CO2, FADH2, NADH
ZERO ATP PRODUCED
AEROBIC
HIGH energy electrons
FADH & NADH
Electron Transport System
Location
Substrate
Product
L: Intermembrane space of mitochondria
S: NADH, FADH2, O2
P: NAD+, FADH, atp & h20
- Produces ATP - TURBINE
1 Glucose yields 330-32 atp
Aerobic metabolism
All chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Metabolism
With out oxygen
Anaerobic
Substrate of Krebs cycle
Acetyl COa
FADH & NADH
High energy electrons
Product of ETS
NAD+, FADH, ATP, H20
Location of Krebs cycle
Mitochondria matrix
Out of ETS and Krebs which one is anaerobic
None they are both aerobic
They both need oxygen
Cellular level movement
- energy
Transport work
Derived their energy from the sun
Heliotropic organisms
State of order to disorder
Entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
TOTAL amount of energy is
Constant
Removal of phosphate ( - )
Dephoshorylation
Speed up chemical REACTIONS
Enzyme
What kind of work is involved in contracting muscles
Mechanical movement
(Gross movement)
Location of ETS
Intermembranous space
Does Krebs cycle produce ATP
No
How many pyruvate does glycolysis produce
2
Without oxygen it yields 2 atp
Anaerobic
Energy utilizing
Anabolism
