Chapter 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards
What is the study functions of living organisms called
Physiology
What are the levels of organization
Molecule, tissues, cells, organs, organ systems, organisms
What is the basic unit of life
Cell
How many organ systems in the body
11
Which organ system supports and protects
Skeletal system
Which organ system is support and movement
Muscle system
Which system is used for gas exchange
Respiratory
What system defends agains infection
Immunity
Primary function of urinary system
Excrete
What system does not exchange material with the internal and external environment ?
Circulatory system
2 approaches to physiology, what are they?
Teleological and mechanistic
Teleological is the _______
Why
Mechanistic is the _________
How
What is homeostasis?
Dynamic steady state
Study of diseases
Pathophysiology
ECF stands for
Consists of
Extra cellular fluid
Plasma and interstitial fluid
Which loops goal is to reach homeostasis
Negative
Which loops function is anticipation
Feed forward
Which type of feed back is used in childbirth
Positive feed back
True or false
The human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium and such that all body compartments are identical
False
What are the 11 organ systems
Murders Linc
In order to maintain balance
Law of mass balance
What are emergent properties ?
Can not be seen
such as IQ (intelligence)
Which two systems coordinate with each other
Nervous and endocrine
Term used to describe the minimum stimuli’s to trigger a response in a feedback loop
Threshold
What is the main function of integrating center in the control system
Set point
ECF serves as what between the outside world and ICF
A buffer
What is the Law of mass balance
Input equals output
What is the simple control system?
(4 steps)
Input signal
Integrating center
Output signal
Response
What is plasma
The fluid portion of blood
Oxytocin is the hormone released in response to cervical dilation this causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger
Positive feedback
What are the 4 major groups of biomolecules ?
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides
What molecules are produced but living organisms
Biomolecules
Two basic functions of biomolecules
Energy and building blocks
What are the two types of molecules
Organic and inorganic
Organic molecules contain
Carbon
Do inorganic molecules contain carbon?
No
Biomolecules contain what 3 molecules
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are H & P, what are those
H = Hexoses ( 6 carbon sugars )
P= Pentoses (5 carbon sugars) - DNA & RNA
What are the 4 structure of proteins “R group”
Primary- sequence of AA
Secondary - helix and beta
Tertiary - 3d shape
Quaternary - multiple subunits
Why is amino acid essential
It’s essential because it comes from your diet
Non essential amino acids are produced by
The body
nucleotides are a
Nitrogenous Base, phosphate and sugar
Purines consist of
Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines are
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
What are the 4 categories of Lipids ?
Fatty acids
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Steroids
What are the different types of polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
3 types of Fatty acids
Saturated - solid ( 2 hydrogen attached)
Mono saturated 1 bond
Poly saturated - more than 2
Each amino acid differs from others, what makes it unique
The R group
What is an isotope?
Gains or loses a neutron
Same element with different atomic mass
-atomic molecule
What is an atom
Smallest particle of any element
- they link by sharing electrons to form molecules
What is a valence shell?
The outermost shell, can hold 8e-
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms that link by sharing electrons
What is a covalent bond?
An atom that shares electrons, the strongest bond
What are non-polar molecules
They are an even distribution of electrons
Ex: oil, lipids, composed of carbon and hydrogen
What are polar molecules?
Uneven distribution of electrons
H20 is extremely polar
What are IONS?
Gain or lose an electron
What is an electron ?
A negative charged particle in an atom
What are hydrogen bonds
Bonds form between a hydrogen bond and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom
Weak
What is an ionic bond?
Bonds between two atoms
Why are covalent bonds strong
Formed by sharing of electrons
Van Der Waals are strong or weak
Weak, they are the weakest bond
- no hyrdrogen
What is the universal solvent
H20
How do you counteract your free radicals?
Anti oxidants
What type of bond is dna?
Covalent bond
Cations are what charge
Positive
Anions are what charge
Negative
What is a solute
A substance that has the ability to dissolve in a liquid
What is solubility?
Ability of solute to dissolve in a solvent
What is a solution
Solute plus the solvent, the mix
What is a solvent
The liquid into which the solutes dissolve
What are ligands
Chemicals that attach to proteins
What does structure determine
The function
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Isolation
Exchange
Communication
Support
What is lumen
Interior of hollow organ
What are the three membrane proteins
Integral
Peripheral
Transmembrane
What is Chromatin
Packed DNA
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have
23 pairs
What is the powerhouse of the cell
The mitochondria , produces the energy
What are the 3 muscle tissues
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Types of connective tissue
Loose and dense
2 types of neural tissue
Neurons
Glial cells
What is denaturation?
Desaturation is when the protein is destroyed
What are the three body cavities
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdomniopelvic
What are your hollow organs
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Intestines
