Chapter 22 Flashcards
What is the Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that tells you are hungry
The Feeding Center tells you
You are Hungry
Satiety Center
Full
Glucostatic Theory
Based on concentration of blood
- If blood sugar is low you are hungry
Lipostatic Theory
What they think makes you feel full
- Levels of fatty acids in your blood gets elevated, it makes you feel full
What factors influence your BMR
Age and sex - non modifiable
Activity level - modifiable
Hormones- slightly modifiable
Genetics - Non modifiable
Thermogenesis
Lean muscle
Is Fat (lipid) a compact storage?
Yes
True or False
Only energy intake and level of physical activity can be voluntarily changed?
True
- What can be changed within a day
- Your body can only store or use the energy
What pathways combined are called metabolism?
Anabolic and Catabolic
What do Catabolic pathways do?
Break large molecules into smaller ones
Body is either in a fed state or a fasting state, there is no in between?
True or false
True
Fed state or Absorptive state
First 4 hrs of last bite
(Dominant pathway during this time)
Anabolic and Catabolic pathways combined =
Metabolism
Ingested energy may be
USED or STORED
Used- work
Stored- Fat, glycogen
Ingested biomolecules have three fates, what are they?
- Energy to do mechanical work
- Synthesis for grown maintenance
- Storage as glycogen or fat
In plasma are nutrient pools available for immediate use?
Yes
3 types of Nutrient Pools
Free Fatty Acid Pool
Glucose Pool
Amino Acid Pool
Goals for fasting?
Maintain blood sugar and make atp
Low sugar =
Hypoglycemia
Red Blood Cells don’t have a ______________ do they depend on glucose for energy to stay alive
Mitochondrion
2 Fuels in the body
Glucose and ketones
Anabolic Pathways
Synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones
Glucose are reserved for
Your RBCS
Lipolysis
Breakdown of fat
Ketones come from
Your liver
Red blood cells are depended on what to stay alive
Glucose
Total Body energy=
Energy stored + energy intake - energy output
Energy Output =
Energy used for work + energy used for body heat
3 types of energy work
Transport work
Mechanical
Chemical Work
In the hospital we use indirect calorimetry
Based on your ratio of CO2 to O2
Most of energy work is
Done unconsciously
Energy is stored in
Fat & Glycogen
Which part of your body uses both endocrine and exocrine
Pancreas
Islet of langerhans found in
Found in your endocrine cells
Pancreatic Acini is found in
Exocrine glands
Goal of Fasted state
Maintain Blood Sugar and produce ATP
Maintain Blood Sugar
Glycogen becomes glucose
Glyoneolysis - maintains BS for 18 hrs
2 cells in the islet of langerhans
Alpha Cells ( Secrete glucagon )
Beta Cells ( Secrete your insulin)
Gluconeogenisis
Creating new sugars from your amino acid pool
Deamination of amino acids
Removal of your amino group
Biochemical Pathways for energy production
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
Electron Transport System ( ETS)
Glycolysis
Location :
Substrate :
Product :
When you feel full
Satiety
Lipostatic theory
When your fatty acids elevate you feel full
BUN stands for
Blood Urea Nitrogen
What your body produces :
Empty stomach
Ghrenlin
Based on emotions what do you secrete
NPY
These two produce in your small intestine and involve high fat and high fat meals
CCK AND GLP1
Adipose tissues in endocrine glands
Leptin
Total body energy formula
Energy storage - energy output
Measures your metabolic rate
Kcal
Calorimetry
Sex and age effect what?
BMR
High protein diet
Effects your Thermogenesis
Two storages in your body
Glycogen and fat
What is the max for glycogen
2.2lb or 1kg
Which part of your body and which muscle can only produce glycogen
Liver and skeletal muscles
2nd preferred storage
Fat
Breakdown
- fed or fasting
Catabolic
Fasting state
Which pathway is dominant in fasting state?
Catabolic
In fed state which pathway is dominant
Anabolic
Anabolic is
Synthesizing
Coexpressed in hypothalamus
NPY
CCK is found in your
Small intestines
Ghrelin is found in your
Stomach
FED STATE :
Carbohydrates pool
Glucose
Glucose pool
Glycogenisis
Lipogenisis
Amino Acid Pool
Protein synthasis
Gluconeogenisis
Back to glycogenisis
Lipogenisis
Fat Pool
Lipogenisis
Fed state
Anabolism is dominant
Fasting State:
Nutrient Pool Steps
Glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketones
What is glycgenolysis
Break down of glycogen
Breakdown of fat
Lipolysis
Glycogenlysis will maintain blood sugar for how long?
18 hrs
Removal of amino group
Deamination
Breakdown of fatty acid to produce acetyl coa
Beta oxidation
Two hormones that govern your metabolism
Insulin and glucagon
Two fuels in the body
Ketones and glucose
Insulin is in your ________ state
FED
Glucagon is in your __________ State
Fasting
Pancreas uses both
Endocrine and exocrine
Glucagon is secreted by what cell
Alpha cells
Two goals of fasting state
Maintain your blood sugar and make atp
Glycogen
Liver and Skeletal muscles can only produce glycogen
Glycogen is faster or slower to make
Faster
Catabolic pathway
Fasting state/ post absorptive state ( after 1st 4 hrs of LAST bite )
Anabolic Pathway
Fed state/ Absorptive state ( happens 1st 4 hrs of last bite)
Glucose pool is
Highly regulated, blood sugar .
Due to RBCs
Hyperglycemia =
High Blood sugar
Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen
Lipogenesis
Formation of fat
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of new sugars from Non-carbohydrates ( like proteins)
Beta Oxidation
Breakdown of fatty acids to produce Acetyl COa
Acectyl COa
1of our ketones ( acetone)
