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BIO 104 > Chapter 6/ Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 6/ Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

BLANK are the basic cell type in both division
-Generate electrical signals

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Do not generate signals, play important
supportive functions for neurons

A

Glial cells

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Structure of a Neuron

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6
Q

Cell Body

A

Structure of a Neuron

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7
Q

Axon (Nerve Fiber)

A

Structure of a Neuron

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8
Q

Receive incoming
information

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

-contains nucleus
-integrates incoming info

A

cell body

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10
Q

Carry outgoing signals to
target cell

A

Axon (Nerve Fiber)

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11
Q

In CNS – Oligodendrocytes
In PNS – Schwann cells

A

Myelin Sheaths

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12
Q

Many axons are myelinated
– 20-200 layers of modified plasma membrane

A

Myelin Sheaths

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Central Nervous System

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14
Q

Schwann cells

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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15
Q

Speed up conduction of
electrical signals along
the axon.

A

Saltatory conduction
Myelin Sheaths

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16
Q

Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Interneurons

A

Functional Classes of Neurons

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17
Q

Carry information towards CNS

A

Afferent neurons

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18
Q

Carry information away from CNS

A

Efferent neurons

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19
Q

Connect neurons within the CNS

A

interneurons

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20
Q

Blank and blank neuron axons bundled together.

A

Afferent and efferent

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21
Q

Specialized junction between two neurons.

A

Synapses

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22
Q

Pre-synaptic neuron releases

A

Nuerotransmitter

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft
and bind to receptors on BLANK

A

post-synaptic neuron

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24
Q

Synapses can be BLANK
(Depends on neurotransmitter released)

A

stimulatory or inhibitory

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25
Q

Found in CNS and PNS

A

Glial cells

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26
Q

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

A

in the CNS (Central nervous system)

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27
Q

Schwann cells

A

in the PNS(Peripheral nervous system)

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28
Q

regulate extracellular environment of neurons, form “blood-brain barrier”

A

Astrocytes

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29
Q

specialized “macrophage-like” cells, perform immune functions

A

Microglia

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30
Q

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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31
Q

produce myelinate axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

produce myelinate axons

A

Schwann cells

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33
Q

separated electrical
charges have the
potential to do work

A

Electrical potential

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34
Q

Inside of the cell negatively charged, relative
to the outside

A

-40 to -90 mV
resting membrane potential

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35
Q

Result from excess negative ions inside the cell

A

resting membrane potential

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36
Q

Changes to membrane potential are due to movement of ions
Na+, K+, Cl-
(More Na outside, more K inside)

A

resting membrane potential

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37
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump establishes the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+

A

Establishing Resting
Membrane Potential

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38
Q

More open K+ channels than Na+ channels in a resting membrane

A

Greater efflux of positive charges,
negative membrane potential
develops

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39
Q

-Depolarization
-Overshoot
-Repolarization
-Hyperpolarezing
-Resting Potential

A

Changes in resting potential

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39
Q

Changes to membrane potential that are confined to a small region of the plasma membrane

A

Graded Potential

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40
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains

A

concentration gradients

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41
Q

Magnitude of
the potential
change can
vary

A

Graded Potential

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42
Q

Change in membrane potential BLANK as distance BLANK from site of initial change

A

decreases
increases

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43
Q

-Large alterations in membrane potential
-“All or none” response
-Very rapid, 1-4 milliseconds

A

Action Potential

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44
Q

the ability to generate action
potentials
(Neurons and muscle cells)

A

Excitability

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45
Q

To cause an action potential a cell must utilize
several types of BLANKS

A

ion channels

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46
Q

Ligand-gated and mechanically gated serve as the BLANK for the action potential

A

initial stimulus

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47
Q

Voltage-gated channels give a membrane the
ability to undergo rapid blank and blank

A

depolarization and
repolarization

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48
Q

EK

A

potassium
equilibrium
potential

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49
Q

PK

A

permeability of
potassium

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50
Q

PNA

A

permeability of
sodium

51
Q

Generation of action potentials can be prevented by BLANK
(Procaine and lidocaine)

A

local anesthetics

52
Q

Animals can produce BLANK that interfere with
nerve conduction

A

Toxin
Tetrodoxin

53
Q

-During the action potential
-No stimulus can produce a second AP during this
time

A

Absolute refractory period

54
Q

-Following absolute RP
– Second AP can be produced if stimulus is strong
enough.

A

Relative refractory period

55
Q

Action potentials
are BLANK

A

unidirectional

56
Q

Velocity of AP propagation depends upon
BLANK and BLANK
(Larger the nerve fiber, faster AP propagation)

A

fiber diameter and myelination

57
Q

Utilize neurotransmitters

A

Chemical synapse

58
Q

Electrical activity of the presynaptic neuron affects the BLANK

A

postsynaptic neuron

58
Q

-Electrical activity of the presynaptic neuron
affects the postsynaptic neuron
– Cells are connected by gap junctions

A

Electrical synapses

59
Q

Cells are connected by BLANK

A

gap junction

60
Q

1- Action potential reaches terminal
2- Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
3- Calcium enters axon terminals
4- Neurotransmitter is released and diffuse into the cleft
5- Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor
6- Neurotransmitter removed from synpatic cleft

A

mechanism of neurotransmitter release

61
Q

To terminate the signal in a chemical synapse
the BLANK must be removed

A

neurotransmitter

61
Q

axon is stimulated a
second time before the first EPSP

A

Temporal summation

62
Q

two axons are
stimulated simultaneously

A

Spatial summation

63
Q

Axons of neurons that
end on another neuron’s
axon terminal

A

Axo-axonic synapse

64
Q

1- increase leakage of neurotransmitter from vesicles to cytoplasm, exposing it to enzyme breakdown
2- increase transmitter release into cleft
3- block transmitter release
4- inhibit transmitter synthesis
5- block transmitter reuptake
6- block cleft or intracellular enzyme that metabolize transmitter
7- bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane to block (antagonist) or mimic (agonist) transmitter action
8-

A

a drug might

65
Q

Neurotransmitters affect BLANK

A

ion channels

66
Q

can amplify or dampen
synapse strength

A

Neuromodulators

67
Q

BLANK for neuromodulators can bring
about changes in metabolic processes

A

Receptors

68
Q

Two general types of ACh receptors
( found in pns and cns)

A

-Muscarinic receptors (G protein coupled)
-Nicotinic receptors (ion channels)

69
Q

Neurons associated with the ACh system degenerate in people with BLANK disease

A

Alzheimer’s
disease

70
Q

Small charged neurotransmitters, made
from amino acids.

A

Biogenic Amines

71
Q

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

A

Catecholamines

72
Q

emotions, regulating sleep,

A

Serotonin

73
Q

Excitatory
– Aspartate
– Glutamate
Inhibitory
– Glycine
– GABA

A

neurotransmitter

74
Q

Aspartate
Glutamate

A

Excitatory

75
Q

Glycine
GABA

A

Inhibitory

76
Q

two or more amino acids bound together
Endogenous opioids

A

Neuropeptides

77
Q

Beta endorphins

A

Endogenous opioids

78
Q

Receptors for Blank opiates are site of
action for opiate drugs

A

endogenous

79
Q

Not released through exocytosis, produced
by enzymes
-short lived

A

gases

80
Q

vasodilator

A

Nitric oxide

81
Q

Act as neuromodulators
Nucleic Acids

A

Purines

82
Q

-Adenosine
-ATP

A

Nucleic Acid

83
Q

Brain
Spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

84
Q

Afferent division
Efferent division

A

Peripheral Nervous System

85
Q

-Somatic sensory
-Visceral sensory
-Special sensory

A

afferent division

86
Q

-Somatic motor
-Automatic motor

A

efferent division

87
Q

-sympathetic
-parasympathic
-enteric

A

efferent division

88
Q

-Forebrain
-Midbrain
-Hindbrain

A

structure of the brain

89
Q

cerebrum, diencephalon

A

forebrain

90
Q

pons, medulla oblongata,
cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

91
Q

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

92
Q

4 Structure of the brain

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

93
Q

R and L hemispheres
Basal nuclei
cortex

A

Cerebrum

94
Q

-Outer shell of grey matter, contains cell bodies.
-Participates in perception, generation of skilled
movements, reasoning, learning, and memory

A

cerebral cortex

95
Q

-Subcortical nuclei (grey matter)
-Basal nuclei, function in controlling movement, posture,
aspects of behavior

A

Basal nuclei

96
Q

BLANK tracts in white matter bring
information into the cerebrum and connect
different areas within the hemisphere

A

Myelinated fiber

97
Q

-Septal nuclei
-frontal lobe
-olfactory lobe
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-hippocampus

A

limbic system

98
Q

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

99
Q

-Collection of large nuclei
-Synaptic relay stations and integrating centers for most inputs
to the cortex.
-Involved in focusing attention

A

thalamus

100
Q

-Control area for homeostatic regulation.
-Connected by a stalk to pituitary gland, an important endocrine
structure

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

-Small mass, contains the pineal gland
-Functions in regulation of biological rhythms

A

epithalamus

102
Q

Important center for coordinating movements,
controlling posture and balance

A

cerebellum (hindbrain)

103
Q

Receives information from the muscles, joints,
skin, eyes, ears, viscera, parts of the brain.

A

cerebellum (hindbrain)

104
Q

Implicated in some forms of learning

A

cerebellum (hindbrain)

105
Q

All nerve fibers between the forebrain and the
cerebellum, and spinal cord pass through the BLANK

A

brainstem

106
Q

loosely arranged neuron cell bodies intermingles with bundles of axons.
(Absolutely essential for life)

A

Reticular formation

107
Q

– Motor functions
– Cardiovascular and respiratory controls
– Mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness.
– Focus and attention

A

brainstem

108
Q

Contains nuclei involved in processing 10 of 12
cranial nerves

A

brainstem

109
Q

Central grey matter
surrounded by white
matter

A

spinal cord

110
Q

Tracts in white matter
run longitudinal
transmit information to
and from the brain

A

spinal cord

111
Q

Afferent fibers enter
the spinal cord on the
dorsal side

A

spinal cord

112
Q

Efferent fibers leave the
spinal cord on the
ventral side.

A

spinal cord

113
Q

Transmits signals between the CNS and the
receptors and effectors in all other parts of the
body

A

Peripheral nervous system

114
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

115
Q

Efferent innervation of smooth and cardiac
muscle, glands, other tissues

A

autonomic nervous system

116
Q

fight or flight
autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

117
Q

rest and digest
autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

118
Q

Bone
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Protective Elements of the CNS

119
Q

membranes that line brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

120
Q

– Dura mater
– Arachnoid mater
– Pia mater

A

Meninges

121
Q

protects and cushions the
structures.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

122
Q

capillaries in the brain are
the least permeable in the body

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

BIO 104 (14 decks)

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