Chapter 6/ Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
Central Nervous System
2
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral nervous system
3
Q
BLANK are the basic cell type in both division
-Generate electrical signals
A
Neurons
4
Q
Do not generate signals, play important
supportive functions for neurons
A
Glial cells
5
Q
Dendrites
A
Structure of a Neuron
6
Q
Cell Body
A
Structure of a Neuron
7
Q
Axon (Nerve Fiber)
A
Structure of a Neuron
8
Q
Receive incoming
information
A
Dendrites
9
Q
-contains nucleus
-integrates incoming info
A
cell body
10
Q
Carry outgoing signals to
target cell
A
Axon (Nerve Fiber)
11
Q
In CNS – Oligodendrocytes
In PNS – Schwann cells
A
Myelin Sheaths
12
Q
Many axons are myelinated
– 20-200 layers of modified plasma membrane
A
Myelin Sheaths
13
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Central Nervous System
14
Q
Schwann cells
A
Peripheral Nervous System
15
Q
Speed up conduction of
electrical signals along
the axon.
A
Saltatory conduction
Myelin Sheaths
16
Q
Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Interneurons
A
Functional Classes of Neurons
17
Q
Carry information towards CNS
A
Afferent neurons
18
Q
Carry information away from CNS
A
Efferent neurons
19
Q
Connect neurons within the CNS
A
interneurons
20
Q
Blank and blank neuron axons bundled together.
A
Afferent and efferent
21
Q
Specialized junction between two neurons.
A
Synapses
22
Q
Pre-synaptic neuron releases
A
Nuerotransmitter
23
Q
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft
and bind to receptors on BLANK
A
post-synaptic neuron
24
Q
Synapses can be BLANK
(Depends on neurotransmitter released)
A
stimulatory or inhibitory
25
Found in CNS and PNS
Glial cells
26
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
in the CNS (Central nervous system)
27
Schwann cells
in the PNS(Peripheral nervous system)
28
regulate extracellular environment of neurons, form “blood-brain barrier”
Astrocytes
29
specialized “macrophage-like” cells, perform immune functions
Microglia
30
produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ependymal cells
31
produce myelinate axons
Oligodendrocytes
32
produce myelinate axons
Schwann cells
33
separated electrical
charges have the
potential to do work
Electrical potential
34
Inside of the cell negatively charged, relative
to the outside
-40 to -90 mV
resting membrane potential
35
Result from excess negative ions inside the cell
resting membrane potential
36
Changes to membrane potential are due to movement of ions
Na+, K+, Cl-
(More Na outside, more K inside)
resting membrane potential
37
Na+/K+ ATPase pump establishes the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+
Establishing Resting
Membrane Potential
38
More open K+ channels than Na+ channels in a resting membrane
Greater efflux of positive charges,
negative membrane potential
develops
39
-Depolarization
-Overshoot
-Repolarization
-Hyperpolarezing
-Resting Potential
Changes in resting potential
39
Changes to membrane potential that are confined to a small region of the plasma membrane
Graded Potential
40
Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains
concentration gradients
41
Magnitude of
the potential
change can
vary
Graded Potential
42
Change in membrane potential BLANK as distance BLANK from site of initial change
decreases
increases
43
-Large alterations in membrane potential
-“All or none” response
-Very rapid, 1-4 milliseconds
Action Potential
44
the ability to generate action
potentials
(Neurons and muscle cells)
Excitability
45
To cause an action potential a cell must utilize
several types of BLANKS
ion channels
46
Ligand-gated and mechanically gated serve as the BLANK for the action potential
initial stimulus
47
Voltage-gated channels give a membrane the
ability to undergo rapid blank and blank
depolarization and
repolarization
48
EK
potassium
equilibrium
potential
49
PK
permeability of
potassium
50
PNA
permeability of
sodium
51
Generation of action potentials can be prevented by BLANK
(Procaine and lidocaine)
local anesthetics
52
Animals can produce BLANK that interfere with
nerve conduction
Toxin
Tetrodoxin
53
-During the action potential
-No stimulus can produce a second AP during this
time
Absolute refractory period
54
-Following absolute RP
– Second AP can be produced if stimulus is strong
enough.
Relative refractory period
55
Action potentials
are BLANK
unidirectional
56
Velocity of AP propagation depends upon
BLANK and BLANK
(Larger the nerve fiber, faster AP propagation)
fiber diameter and myelination
57
Utilize neurotransmitters
Chemical synapse
58
Electrical activity of the presynaptic neuron affects the BLANK
postsynaptic neuron
58
-Electrical activity of the presynaptic neuron
affects the postsynaptic neuron
– Cells are connected by gap junctions
Electrical synapses
59
Cells are connected by BLANK
gap junction
60
1- Action potential reaches terminal
2- Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
3- Calcium enters axon terminals
4- Neurotransmitter is released and diffuse into the cleft
5- Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor
6- Neurotransmitter removed from synpatic cleft
mechanism of neurotransmitter release
61
To terminate the signal in a chemical synapse
the BLANK must be removed
neurotransmitter
61
axon is stimulated a
second time before the first EPSP
Temporal summation
62
two axons are
stimulated simultaneously
Spatial summation
63
Axons of neurons that
end on another neuron’s
axon terminal
Axo-axonic synapse
64
1- increase leakage of neurotransmitter from vesicles to cytoplasm, exposing it to enzyme breakdown
2- increase transmitter release into cleft
3- block transmitter release
4- inhibit transmitter synthesis
5- block transmitter reuptake
6- block cleft or intracellular enzyme that metabolize transmitter
7- bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane to block (antagonist) or mimic (agonist) transmitter action
8-
a drug might
65
Neurotransmitters affect BLANK
ion channels
66
can amplify or dampen
synapse strength
Neuromodulators
67
BLANK for neuromodulators can bring
about changes in metabolic processes
Receptors
68
Two general types of ACh receptors
( found in pns and cns)
-Muscarinic receptors (G protein coupled)
-Nicotinic receptors (ion channels)
69
Neurons associated with the ACh system degenerate in people with BLANK disease
Alzheimer’s
disease
70
Small charged neurotransmitters, made
from amino acids.
Biogenic Amines
71
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Catecholamines
72
emotions, regulating sleep,
Serotonin
73
Excitatory
– Aspartate
– Glutamate
Inhibitory
– Glycine
– GABA
neurotransmitter
74
Aspartate
Glutamate
Excitatory
75
Glycine
GABA
Inhibitory
76
two or more amino acids bound together
Endogenous opioids
Neuropeptides
77
Beta endorphins
Endogenous opioids
78
Receptors for Blank opiates are site of
action for opiate drugs
endogenous
79
Not released through exocytosis, produced
by enzymes
-short lived
gases
80
vasodilator
Nitric oxide
81
Act as neuromodulators
Nucleic Acids
Purines
82
-Adenosine
-ATP
Nucleic Acid
83
Brain
Spinal cord
Central Nervous System
84
Afferent division
Efferent division
Peripheral Nervous System
85
-Somatic sensory
-Visceral sensory
-Special sensory
afferent division
86
-Somatic motor
-Automatic motor
efferent division
87
-sympathetic
-parasympathic
-enteric
efferent division
88
-Forebrain
-Midbrain
-Hindbrain
structure of the brain
89
cerebrum, diencephalon
forebrain
90
pons, medulla oblongata,
cerebellum
Hindbrain
91
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
brainstem
92
4 Structure of the brain
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
93
R and L hemispheres
Basal nuclei
cortex
Cerebrum
94
-Outer shell of grey matter, contains cell bodies.
-Participates in perception, generation of skilled
movements, reasoning, learning, and memory
cerebral cortex
95
-Subcortical nuclei (grey matter)
-Basal nuclei, function in controlling movement, posture,
aspects of behavior
Basal nuclei
96
BLANK tracts in white matter bring
information into the cerebrum and connect
different areas within the hemisphere
Myelinated fiber
97
-Septal nuclei
-frontal lobe
-olfactory lobe
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-hippocampus
limbic system
98
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Diencephalon
99
-Collection of large nuclei
-Synaptic relay stations and integrating centers for most inputs
to the cortex.
-Involved in focusing attention
thalamus
100
-Control area for homeostatic regulation.
-Connected by a stalk to pituitary gland, an important endocrine
structure
hypothalamus
101
-Small mass, contains the pineal gland
-Functions in regulation of biological rhythms
epithalamus
102
Important center for coordinating movements,
controlling posture and balance
cerebellum (hindbrain)
103
Receives information from the muscles, joints,
skin, eyes, ears, viscera, parts of the brain.
cerebellum (hindbrain)
104
Implicated in some forms of learning
cerebellum (hindbrain)
105
All nerve fibers between the forebrain and the
cerebellum, and spinal cord pass through the BLANK
brainstem
106
loosely arranged neuron cell bodies intermingles with bundles of axons.
(Absolutely essential for life)
Reticular formation
107
– Motor functions
– Cardiovascular and respiratory controls
– Mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness.
– Focus and attention
brainstem
108
Contains nuclei involved in processing 10 of 12
cranial nerves
brainstem
109
Central grey matter
surrounded by white
matter
spinal cord
110
Tracts in white matter
run longitudinal
transmit information to
and from the brain
spinal cord
111
Afferent fibers enter
the spinal cord on the
dorsal side
spinal cord
112
Efferent fibers leave the
spinal cord on the
ventral side.
spinal cord
113
Transmits signals between the CNS and the
receptors and effectors in all other parts of the
body
Peripheral nervous system
114
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
115
Efferent innervation of smooth and cardiac
muscle, glands, other tissues
autonomic nervous system
116
fight or flight
autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
117
rest and digest
autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
118
Bone
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-Brain Barrier
Protective Elements of the CNS
119
membranes that line brain and spinal cord
Meninges
120
– Dura mater
– Arachnoid mater
– Pia mater
Meninges
121
protects and cushions the
structures.
Cerebrospinal fluid
122
capillaries in the brain are
the least permeable in the body
Blood-Brain Barrier
