Chapter 1/ Homeostasis Flashcards by David De Los Santos

Study of how living organisms function
(molecular to whole organ system)

Physiology

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How parts of the body work together

Function and integration

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Physiology ‘‘gone wrong’’

Pathophysiology

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Body organization

Cellular
Tissues
Organs
Organs systems
Organism

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Body Cells and Body Tissues
4 main types

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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3 types of muscle cells in the human body

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

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A-Control of Cardiac and smooth muscle
B- Control of skeletal

A-Involuntary
B-Voluntary

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*Long Cylindrical striated cells with many nuclei
*Voluntary contraction
*Most are found attached to the skeleton
*Responsible for voluntary movement

Skeletal muscle

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-Branching striated cells, one nucleus
-Involuntary contraction
-Found in wall of heart
-Pumps blood through the body

Cardiac muscle

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-Cells tapered at each end, one nucleus
-Involuntary contraction
-Found in walls of hollow internal organs, such as the intestines, and tubes, such as blood vessels
-Contraction in the digestive system moves food along
-When arranged in a circle, controls the diameter of the tube

Smooth muscle

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Cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

Neurons

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A collection of neurons forms nervous tissue

brain or spinal cord

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Form a nerve

Axons from many neurons are packaged

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Epithelial cells are characterized and named according to their unique shapes

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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Epithelial cells specialized for the

selective secretion
absorption of molecules
protection

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Epithelium Layers

Simple- is one-cell thick
stratified- numerous layers

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-Several layers of flattened cells
-Located on the surface of the skin, the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vaginas
-Provides protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out

Stratified squamous

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-One layer of flattened cells
-located in air sacs of the lungs, hearts, and blood vessels lining
-Allow exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes

Simple Squamous

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-Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells
-Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands
- found in protection

Stratified cuboidal

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-One layer of cube-shaped cells
-Located in the lining of kidney tubules and glands
-Functions in absorption and secretion

Simple cuboidal

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-One layer of tall, slender cells
-Located in the lining of the gut and respiratory tract
-Functions in absorption and secretion

Simple columnar

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-Several layers of tall, slender cells
-Rare, located in urethra( tube through which urine leaves the body )
-Function in protection and secretion

Stratified columnar

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cells that connect, anchor, and support the structure of the body

connective tissue

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Types of connective tissues include
specialized cells separated by extracellular matrix

-Loose Connective
-Dense Connective
-Blood(liquid)
-Bone (solid)
-Cartilage (solid)
-Adipose

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-Widely distributed; found under skin, around organs, between muscles -Wraps and cushion organs

Areolar connective tissue

-Found in rings of respiratory air tubes, external ear, tip of nose -Provides flexible support ; cushions

Cartilage

-Found under the skin, around kidneys, and heart - Functions in energy storage and insulations; cushioning for organs

Adipose (fat) tissue

-Found in the skeleton -Function in support, protection ( by enclosing organs), and movement

Bone

-Found in tendon and ligaments -Forms strongs bands that attach bone to muscle or bone to bone

Dense connective tissue

-Found within blood vessels -Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes; fights infection

Blood

-The environment that surrounds cells -Provides a scaffold for cellular attachment -Transmits information in the form of chemical messages to the cells

Extracellular matrix

Viscous fluid (component that is part of consistency of extracellular matrix)

bound substance

Extracellular composed of

Proteins Polysaccharides Minerals

-Organs are composed of multiple of tissues types -Organs system contains multiple organs that work together

-Protects underlying tissues -Provides skin sensation -Helps regulate body temperature -Synthesizes vitamin D

Integumentary system

-Attachment for muscles -Protein organs -Stored calcium and phosphorus -Produced blood cells

Skeletal system

-Moves body and maintains posture -Internal transports of fluids -Generation of heat

Muscular system

Regulates and integrates body function via neurons

Nervous system

Regulates and integrates body function via hormones

Endocrine system

-Transports nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes and heat -Transports immune cells and antibodies -Transports hormones -Regulates pH

Cardiovascular system

-Returns tissue fluids to bloodstream -Protects against infection and disease

Lymphatic system

-Exchanges respiratory gases with the environment

Respiratory system

-Physical and chemical breakdown of food -Absorbs, processes stores food

Digestive system

Watery solution of dissolved substances( oxygen, nutrients, etc) present in the body

body fluid

Intracellular fluid

contained within the cells

Extracellular fluid

in the blood/blood plasma and surrounding the cells/interstitial fluid

All living organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment (Physiological variables: blood pressure, body temperature, glucose, oxygen ) - is dynamic, not a static, process - can undergo a drastic change over a 24 hr period

Homeostasis

Homeostatic Control ( set point=normal values)

-Negative feedback loops -Resetting of set points -Feedforward regulation -Reflexes

a levels change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over time

Dynamic Constancy

Negative feed back loops ( mechanism)

-Counteract changes to physiological variables -Negative feedback stops once set point has been reached -brought via reflex arcs

Resetting of set points

- ''Normal'' values for variables can be reset to new value

Feedforward regulation

Changes to regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they occur

Reflexes

-a specific involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned ''built-in'' response to a particular stimulus -Pathways mediating a reflex is known as the reflex arc

Intracellular chemical messengers

-Hormones -Neurotransmitters -Paracrine substances -Autocrine Substances

Hormones

-Secreted by endocrine -Travel through blood target cells

Neurotransmitters

-Released by neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, of glands -signals involved in many reflexes

Variable feeder to be controlled in homeostasis

1-Receptors= Pancreas (detects imbalace) 2- Control center Pancreas, (the brain sends the information ) 3= Pancreas ( secrete glucose )

Targets cells in close proximity to the cells that secreted it

Paracrine substances

Acts on same cell that secreted it

Autocrine substances

-Characteristics that favor survival in specific environments -Inherited

Adaptation

Improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system based on an environmental stress

Acclimatization

Body function are

rhythmical changes -enable homeostatic mechanism to be activated at times change will likely occur

Circadian rhythm: a 24 hr cycle

-walking and sleeping -body temperature -Hormone concentration

Many homeostatic systems regulate the balance between addition and removal of a chemical substance from the body Three states of total-body balance are possible

-Negative balance(loss>gain) -positive balance ( gain> loss) -stable balance (gain=loss)