Chapter 3/Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Question 1

Selective barrier: regulates passage in and out of cell and between organelles and cytosol

Answer 1

Membranes

Question 2

-Detect chemical messengers
-Link cells together
-Anchor cell to extracellular matrix

Answer 2

Membranes

Question 3

-Non polar fatty acids chains in the middle
-Polar regions oriented towards the surfaces of the membrane

Answer 3

Phospholipids bilayers

Question 4

-Found in the plasma membrane
-Maintains fluidity

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

-Amphipathic
-Associate with fatty acids in membrane
-Can span the entire membrane: transmembrane proteins

Answer 5

Integral membrane proteins

Question 6

-Do not associate with fatty acids
-Located at the membrane surface bound to integral membrane

Answer 6

Peripheral membrane

Question 7

-Transmembrane proteins
-Bind to specific proteins in the extracellular matrix
-Link to membrane proteins in adjacent cells
-Cells are joined physically

Answer 7

Integrins(membrane)

Question 8

-Plasma membranes of cells are separated by about 20 nm

Answer 8

Desmosomes

Question 9

‘Dense plaques’’ serve as anchoring points for cadherins

Answer 9

Desmosomes

Question 10

-Cadherins extend into extracellular space and link up with cadherins of an adjacent cell

Answer 10

Desmosomes

Question 11

-Leaves no space between adjacent cells

Answer 11

Tight Junction

Question 12

-Occur in a band around the entire circumference of cell

Answer 12

Tight Junction

Question 13

Form barrier that prevent movement of material through tissue

Answer 13

Tight Junction

Question 14

-Protein channels that link the cytosols of adjacent cells

Answer 14

Gap junction

Question 15

-Connexins from both cells join and form a protein-linked channel

Answer 15

Gap junction

Question 16

-Small diameter (1.5 nm) limits what can pass

Answer 16

Gap Junction

Question 17

Storage and transmission of genetic information

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

-Information coded in DNA molecules
-DNA also used to synthesize proteins

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

DNA is found in association with proteins called histones
DNA + Protein=Chromatin
-During cell division chromatin becomes condensed, forms chromosomes

Answer 19

Nucleus

Question 20

Nuclear envelopes surrounds nucleus

Answer 20

-Two membranes
-Join together, form nuclear pores

Question 21

-Associated with regions of DNA that contains for forms RNA found in ribosomes

Answer 21

Nucleolus

Question 22

-Ribosomes are assembled then transferred to cytoplasm

Answer 22

Nucleolus

Question 23

-Proteins factories
- Composed of protein and RNA
-Can be found attached to endoplasmic reticulum or floating free in the cytoplasm

Answer 23

Ribosomes

Question 24

-Has ribosomes bound to its surface
-Packages proteins that are produced by ribosomes, sends them to Golgi apparatus

Answer 24

Rough ER

Question 25

-No ribosomes -Lipids are synthesized -Detoxifies the cell -Stores calcium

Answer 25

-Smooth ER

Question 26

-Receives proteins from Rough ER

Answer 26

Golgi Apparatus

Question 27

-Modifies proteins and sorts them into transports vesicles

Answer 27

Golgi Apparatus

Question 28

- Distributes packages proteins to their intended destination

Answer 28

Golgi Apparatus

Question 29

-Participate in cellular respiration, the process that transfer energy from nutrients to ATP molecules

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

-Surrounded by outer membrane and inner membrane(inner membrane is folded into cristae)

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

-Inner compartment is the matrix

Answer 31

Mitochondria

Question 32

-Vesicles that contain acidic fluid and digestive enzymes

Answer 32

Lysosomes

Question 33

-Break down bacteria and cellular debris that is engulfed by the cell (also old, damaged organelles)

Answer 33

Lysosomes

Question 34

-consumes oxygen and removes hydrogen from organic molecules

Answer 34

Peroxisomes

Question 35

Catabolism of lipids into 2 carbon fragments that are used for making ATP

Answer 35

Peroxisomes

Question 36

Produce hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2)

Answer 36

Peroxisomes

Question 37

-Filament network that maintain and change the cell's shape, produce cell movement

Answer 37

Cytoskeleton

Question 38

Composed of G-actin

Answer 38

Cytoskeleton(microfilament)

Question 39

Make up a majority of cytoskeleton and play important roles

Answer 39

Cytoskeleton (microfilament)

Question 40

Cell movement, determining cell shape, cell division, and muscle cell contraction

Answer 40

Cytoskeleton (microfilaments)

Question 41

-Composed of tubulin

Answer 41

Cytoskeleton (microtubules)

Question 42

Microtubules and actin filament are involved with the movement of organelles

Answer 42

-Act as fibrous track, contractile proteins ''walk'' on them

Question 42

Radiate from the centrosomes (regulates the formation of microtubules)

Answer 42

cytoskeleton (microtubules)

Question 42

-Hair-like, motile extension on surface of some epithelial cells

Answer 42

Cilia

Question 43

Central core of microtubules with contractile proteins

Answer 43

cilia

Question 44

DNA direct synthesis of proteins

Answer 44

Genetic Code

Question 45

Sequence of DNA containing information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

Answer 45

Gene

Question 46

4 bases can be arranged into 64 different three letter combinations (64 codons)

Answer 46

Triplet Code

Question 47

An amino acid can be specified by more than one codon

Answer 47

Triplet Code

Question 48

any molecule or ion that is bound to a protein – Do not involve covalent bonding

Answer 48

Ligand (protein binding)

Question 49

region of the protein to which the ligand binds

Answer 49

Binding site (protein binding)

Question 50

– Protein’s function activated or inhibited

Answer 50

Conformation change

Question 51

the ability of a protein’s binding site to bind specific ligands

Answer 51

Chemical specificity

Question 52

– Binding site determines the ligand that is bound. – Proteins must have right shape in order to bind. * Some sites only bind one ligand, others can bind many ligands

Answer 52

Protein Binding: Specificity

Question 53

the strength of a ligand-protein binding – Determines how likely a ligand will leave the binding site -Same ligand may bind different proteins with different affinities.

Answer 53

Affinity

Question 54

Protein catalysts -Lower the activation energy, make biological reactions proceed at a higher rate.

Answer 54

Enzymes

Question 55

Glycolytic pathway occurs in the

Answer 55

cytoplasm

Question 56

_ glucose is broken down to _ pyruvate molecules (6 carbon to 3 carbon)

Answer 56

1 & 2

Question 57

_ ATP used, _ ATP produces ( 2 ATP total yield)

Answer 57

2 & 4

Question 58

Series of chemical reactions * Oxidation of Acetyl CoA * More NAD+ is reduced to NADH – FADH2 * CO2 is produced as waste product

Answer 58

Krebs Cycle

Question 59

Electrons are passed (Electron transport chain)

Answer 59

cytochrome proteins

Question 60

Energy released is used to form

Answer 60

ATP

Question 61

Electrons form

Answer 61

water molecules (O2 must be present)