Cardiovascular Physiology II Flashcards
One way valves
-bring blood to the heart
-under low pressure
-thin smooth muscle lining
-thin walls, larger lumen
Veins
Transport blood away from the heart towards capillaries ,
-thick wall with many layers of elastic fibers
-Pressure reservoirs
-No valve
-thick smooth muscle lining
-Under high pressure
Arteries
smallest blood vessel in the body
-thin walls allow for diffusion
permeate every part of out body to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and remove waste
capillaries
skeletal muscle pump
one way valves
bicarbonate equation
CO2+H20⇌H2CO3⇌H+HCO−3
In words, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Only 2% of Blank is diffused as gas in the Blank Blank, and 98% of Blank is transported in the blood attached to the Blank of the red blood cell.
O2, blood plasma
O2, hemoglobin
When oxygen is being used by the cell, the O2 level in the blood is Blank and the CO2 level
decreasing
increasing
Blank neurons increase the heart rate by releasing norephedrine
sympathetic
As the CO2 level in the blood Blank the blood becomes more blank ( the pH of the blood decreases )
increase,
acidic
Blank neurons secrete acetylcholine to decrease heart rate
parasympathetic
how oxygen levels affect blood pH
helps regulate the pH of blood by balancing the concentrations of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions, which can absorb excess hydrogen ions (H+) to prevent large changes in pH.
Normal heart rate in adults, athletes, and newborns
adult-60-100 bpm
athletes-40bpm
newborn -120-160bpm
tachycardia
too fast, over 100 bpm
bradycardia
under 60, to slow
Target Heart Rate
allows you to monitor your exercise intensity and adjust the intensity
What are the two heart sounds called, what causes them, and when do they occur?
systole -lub, before, when the av slam closed
diastole-dub- before, pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves slam closed
Blood Pressure
Measure the pressure of the blood in arteries during the systolic and diastolic phases of a cardiac cycle
, define korotoff sounds
The pressure read on the gauge at the exact point when a korotkoff sounds begins makes the systolic blood pressure,and when it stop becomes dystole
How is reported blood pressure written?
Systolic /Diastolic
Hear Korotkoff sounds/ Sound cease
high/ low
> 120/80
normal
120-129/>80
elevated
130-139/80-89
high blood pressure/hypotension
<140/90
high blood pressure, hypertension stage 2
<180/120
hypertensive crisis
Define hypertension and identify some physiological effect when it is uncontrolled
potentially life-threatening consequences affecting multiple organ systems,
<90/60, reduced blood flow to vital organs (including the brain, heart, and kidneys), which may result in organ dysfunction or damage if left untreated.
hypotension
identify some condition
Is the volume in milliliter that is pumped by the heart per unit of time (per minute) (HR X Stroke Volume )
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat
stroke volume,
Pre-load is the end-diastolic volume at the start of systole and is directly linked to the level of stretch of the myocardial sarcomeres. Afterload is the measure of resistance the ventricle must overcome in order to empty its contents
Frank Starling Law of the heart,
How does exercise change cardiac output and organ perfusion
During exercise, cardiac output increases significantly to meet the increased metabolic demands of active muscles and other tissues. During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to meet the increased metabolic demands of exercising muscles.
MAP/Resting cardiac output
TPR, total peripheral resistance
difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure , mmHG
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
Mean Arterial Pressure = MAP
resting heart rate x stroke volume
resting HR Cardiac Output
% exercise intensity ( 220-age-resting heart rate) + resting heart rate
Target Heart Rate
What is louder, dub or lub
dub
