Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adv Pathophysiology > Chapter 6: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Telomerase

A

enzyme released by cancer cells that continually replaces telomeres allowing cells to replicate indefinitely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cancer cells are AUTONOMOUS

A

divide without receiving chemical signals from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cancer Characteristics

A 
lack cell density (dependent or contact inhibition)
anchorage independent
mutations of genes
oncogenes
angiogenesis
metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dependent or Contact Inhibition

A

most healthy cells stop dividing if their environment becomes too crowded
cancer cells continue to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anchorage Independent

A

malignant cells do not have to be anchored to other cells or a surface - can shed their surface cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Point mutation

A

a single change in a nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA amplification

A

repeated copying of a sequence of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chromosomal Rearrangement

A

chromosome is attached to an area where it should not be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Epigenetic Modification

A

may silence genes (such as tumor suppressor gene) so that even though the gene is present, it is not expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

genes that are responsible for making cells divide

they code for normal cell division proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oncogenes

A

gene associated with initiation of mutated changes

pro-mitotic and proliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tumor Suppressor Cells

A

inhibits cell division and triggers apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Angiogenesis

A

growing tumors send out signals that say “Feed me”
blood vessels send over new extensions for O2 and food
also serve as passageway for metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer cells break off from the original (primary) tumor) and move through the body to form new tumors elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Characteristics of BENIGN Tumors

A

loss of the ability to control cell proliferation
slow growing
well-differentiated cells (may perform normal function)
encapsulated
noninvasive

17
Q

Characteristics of MALIGNANT Tumors

A

loss of the ability to control both proliferation and differentiation
grow rapidly
poor differentiation
not encapsulated - send out legs
infiltrate/invade, metastasize
may secrete own GFs, enzymes, toxins, etc.

18
Q

Cancer In Situ

A

localized and pre-invasive

cancer has not crossed the basement membrane

19
Q

Types of Malignant Neoplasms: Solid

A

initially confined to a specific tissue/organ but eventually invades and breaks through the basement membrane
may spread via the blood or lymph system

20
Q

Types of Malignant Neoplasms: Hematologic

A

involves cells normally found in blood or lymph, disseminated from the beginning
Example: leukemia

21
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

the process by which carcinogenic agents cause normal cells to become cancer cells
occurs in stages: initiation, promotion, and progression

22
Q

Initiation

Carcinogenesis

A

exposure to carcinogenic agents

proto-oncogenes are activated and tumor suppressor genes are inactivated

23
Q

Promotion

Carcinogenesis

A

mutated cells are stimulated to divide = unregulated accelerated growth

24
Q

Progression

Carcinogenesis

A

tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes

develop more mutation (become more aggressive)

25
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Heredity

A

inheritance of defective genes involved with cell proliferation or apoptosis
Example: BRCA

26
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Reproductive Hormones

A

hormones often trigger cell growth and division and can promote cancerous cell division
Example: a tumor may be estrogen sensitive

27
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Obesity

A

overproduction of insulin and IGF stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis

28
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Immune surveillance and tumor antigens

A

process can be inhibited by immunodeficiency

cell can change expression of proteins to be recognized as “self” so they are not killed

29
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Chemical Carcinogens

A

nicotine, alcohol, high-fat diet

damage DNA, RNA, or proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation

30
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Radiation

A

causes direct changes to DNA resulting in gene or chromosomal changes

31
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Viruses/Bacteria

A

pathogens may stimulate cell changes

Examples: HPV, EBV, Hep B and C, H. pylori

32
Q

Causative Factors of Cancer:

Chronic inflammation

A

stimulates cell proliferation and blood vessel growth

releases oxygen-reactive species that promote mutations

33
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

A 
loss of tissue integrity
anemia
cachexia
fatigue
paraneoplastic disorder
34
Q

Cachexia

A

weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue due to hypermetabolic state of cancer

35
Q

Paraneoplastic Disorder

A

may be earliest indication a person has cancer
range of effects at sites not directly associated with the tumor d/t release of hormones/hormone-like proteins from cancer cells

36
Q

Examples of Paraneoplastic Disorders

A

SIADH - release of ADH by tumor
Cushing’s - release of ACTH by tumor
Hypercalcemia - release of PTH-related protein
DVT d/t production of procoagulation factors

37
Q

Grading

A

microscopic exam of differentiation
1 = well-differentiated
4 = poorly differentiated

38
Q

Staging (TNM)

A 
T = Tumor size
N = lymph Node involvement
M = Metastasis

Adv Pathophysiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions