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Adv Pathophysiology > Chapter 10: Mechanisms of Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Mechanisms of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Host

A

any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another

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2
Q

Infection

A

the presence and multiplication of microorganisms within a host, causing subsequent injury to the host

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3
Q

Colonization

A

the act of microorganisms establishing a presence

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4
Q

Normal Microflora

A

internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body that are normally and harmlessly inhabited by a multitude of bacteria

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5
Q

Commensalism

A

microorganism receives benefit (i.e. nutrition)

host does not receive benefit or harm

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

interaction in which both the microorganism and the host derive benefits
(Vitamin K and Vitamin B12)

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7
Q

Parasitic Relationship

A

the infecting organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing or sustains injury

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8
Q

Infectious Disease

A

when the host sustains injury or pathologic damage

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9
Q

Pathogens

A

microorganisms capable of causing disease

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10
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

harmless microorgansims that are capable of causing infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host are weakened by illness, malnutrition, or medical therapy (antibiotics, chemotherapy)
Example: E. coli

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11
Q

Prions

A

lack RNA or DNA
causes neurodegenerative diseases: Mad-Cow disease
occurs primarily from consuming infected meat

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12
Q

Viruses

A

smallest obligate intracellular pathogens
surrounded by a capsid
live and replicate inside living cells
Examples: influenza, herpes, hepatitis

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13
Q

Bacteria

A 
reproduce outside of the host cells
vulnerable to antimicrobials
exotoxins and endotoxins cause damage to cells/tissues
flagella for motility
fimbriae helps adhere to surfaces
aerobes  and anaerobes
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14
Q

Fungi

A

Yeasts (Candida) - colonies are smooth with a waxy or creamy texture
Molds (ringworm) - colonies produce a cottony or powdery appearance

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15
Q

Penetration

A

invasion of microorganisms through disruption in skin or mucous membranes
Examples: abrasions/burns, wounds, surgery, catheterization, surface lesions (chick pox, impetigo)

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16
Q

Direct Contact

A

transmission directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes
Examples: STIs (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes)

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17
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

passed from mother to child (across placenta or during birth)
Examples: TORCH infections

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18
Q

Ingestion

A

entry of pathogenic microorganisms through the oral cavity and GI tract
contaminated food and water
Examples: food poisoning, traveller’s diarrhea, Hep A, dysentery, cholera/typhoid

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19
Q

Inhalation

A

droplet and airborne
Examples: bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
viruses: measles, mumps, chicken pox, influenza, the common cold

20
Q

Endogenous Source of Infection

A

acquired form the host’s own microbial flora

opportunistic infection

21
Q

Exogenous Source of Infection

A

acquired from sources in the external environment

water, food, soil, air

22
Q

Fomite

A

inanimate objects that carry an infectious agent

23
Q

Zoonoses

A

infectious diseases passed from another animal species to humans
Examples: rabies, cat-scratch disease, HIV, plague, influenza

24
Q

Vectors

A

biting arthropods such as mosquitoes, spiders, and ticks

Examples: Lyme disease, West Nile Virus

25
Q

Nosocomial (Healthcare-Associated) Infections

A

infections that develop in people while they are hospitalized (greater than 48 hours)

26
Q

Community-acquired Infections

A

infections that occur outside of healthcare facilities

27
Q

Incubation Period

A

pathogen begins replicating without producing symptoms

can be short (cholera) or prolonged (Hep B/HIV)

28
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

initial vague appearance of symptoms
mild fever, myalgia, headache, fatigue
duration varies host to host

29
Q

Insidious

A

extended prodromal stage

30
Q

Fulminant

A

abrupt onset of symptoms with little or no prodromal stage

31
Q

Acute Stage

A

period during which the host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process
immune response
symptoms become more pronounced and specific

32
Q

Convalescent Period

A

beginning of resolution
the containment of the infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, and repair of damaged tissue
may be days, weeks, or months

33
Q

Resolution

A

the total elimination of the pathogen from the body without residual signs and symptoms of disease

34
Q

-itis

A

inflammation of an anatomic location/involved tissue

35
Q

-emia

A

presence of a substance in the blood

36
Q

Septicemia/Sepsis

A

presence of microbial toxins in the blood causing systemic inflammation

37
Q

Localized Infection

A

microorganism is restricted to a certain body part/system
Examples: influenza to respiratory tract
gonorrhea to genitourinary tract
H. pylori to GI tract

38
Q

Systemic Infections

A

disseminate from the primary site of infection through the circulatory system to involve other locations and organ systems
Examples: staph aureus, meningitidis, Lyme disease

39
Q

Virulence Factors

A

substances or products generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease

40
Q

Exotoxins

A

proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth that may damage host cells
Examples: pertussis, anthrax, traveler’s diarrhea, TSS, and food-borne illnesses

41
Q

Endotoxins

A

found in gram-negative bacteria - potent activators of the regulatory system
Example: endotoxic shock: clotting, bleeding, inflammation, hypotension and fever

42
Q

Adhesion Factors

A

microbial attachment to host cell surfaces

slime or mucous layer (anchors and protects bacteria)

43
Q

Evasive Factors

A

factors produced by microorganisms to evade the host’s immune system
Examples: encapsulated organisms, H. pylori excretes urease

44
Q

Invasive Factors

A

products produced by infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue
most are enzymes capable of destroying: cell membranes, connective tissue, intracellular matrices, structural protein complexes

45
Q

Culture

A

growth of a microorganism outside of the body, usually on or in artificial growth media (sugar plates, broth)
microscopic appearance and gram stain for bacteria
cell cultures for viruses
obtain cultures prior to antibiotic administration

46
Q

Serology

A

an indirect means of identifying infectious agents by measuring serum anitbodies
anitbody titers and antigen detection
not as accurate as culture but useful in identifying diseases that are not able to be cultured (Hep B)

Adv Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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