Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

First line of defense

Answer 1

skin and mucous membranes

Question 2

Second line of defense

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

Third line of defense

Answer 3

immune response

Question 4

Innate (Natural) Immunity

Answer 4

normally in place before an encounter with an infectious agent and provides rapid protection against infection
involves first and second lines of defense
rapid response - nonspecific
does not create memory - does not involve antibodies

Question 5

Neutrophils

Answer 5

most abundant phagocytic WBC

“first responder” - arrives first but does not stay long

Question 6

Eosinophils

Answer 6

active in parasitic infection and allergic reaction

Question 7

Basophils

Answer 7

produce histamine and proteolytic enzymes

Question 8

Monocytes/Macrophages

Answer 8

Largest WBCs

Arrive later but are more efficient and have longer life span than neutrophils

Question 9

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Answer 9

lymphocytes that can cause spontaneous cytotoxicity against infected cells on first exposure (rupture pathogen membranes)
produce cytokines

Question 10

Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

Answer 10

immunity that is acquired through previous exposure to infectious or other foreign agents
recognize and destroy specific foreign agents
slower to respond (more efficient w/ each exposure)
creates memory and antibodies

Question 11

Humoral Immunity

Answer 11

mediated by B lymphocytes
principle defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins (bacteria)
create circulating antibody-secreting plasma cells

Question 12

Cell-mediated Immunity

Answer 12

mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
functions in the elimination of intracellular pathogens (viruses)
develop receptors that recognize and signal for destruction of infected cells

Question 13

B Lymphocytes

Answer 13

principle defense against extracellular microbes/toxins (bacteria) in humoral immunity
Plasma B cells - produce antibodies
Memory B cells - remain in body for a longer time to recognize antigen if it returns

Question 14

T lymphocytes

Answer 14

principle defense against intracellular pathogens (viruses) and cancer
develops specificity to fight a specific antigen

Question 15

Helper T cells

Answer 15

assist in antigen recognition and binding to help B cells produce antibodies
CD4 helper T cells = master regulators for the immune system
Release cytokines to activate B cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, macrophages

Question 16

Regulatory T cells

Answer 16

function to control immune system responses

Question 17

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Answer 17

monitor the activity of all the cells in the body and destroy any that threaten the integrity of the body

Question 18

Dendritic Cells

Answer 18

serve as the communication link or bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 19

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Answer 19

responsible for processing and presentation of antigens to lymphocytes
includes macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes
must be able to express both classes of MHC

Question 20

Antigens

Answer 20

foreign organisms (microbial or nonmicrobial) that trigger antibody response by B cells

Question 21

Epitopes

Answer 21

immunologically active sites called antigenic determinants that has a distinct molecular shape that can be recognized and bound by immunoglobulins and antibodies

Question 22

Fab

Answer 22

antigen-binding fragments on the Y ends of IG molecules

Question 23

Fc

Answer 23

tail end of the Ig molecule that determines the function of the class of Ig

Question 24

IgG

Answer 24

gamma globulin
most prevalent
antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral
only Ig that crosses the placenta

Question 25

IgA

Answer 25

predominant Ig in secretions (saliva, nasal & respiratory, and breast milk) protects mucous membranes

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

first antibodies to be produced by a developing fetus forms natural antibodies (i.e. ABO antigens) instrumental in ultimate lysis of microorganisms

Question 27

IgD

Answer 27

found in cell membranes of B cells functions as receptor for antigens poorly understood

Question 28

IgE

Answer 28

binds to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells | involved in parasitic, allergic, and hypersensitivity reactions

Question 29

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Answer 29

activates endothelium in inflammation induces fever and acute-phase response stimulates neutrophil production

Question 30

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Answer 30

growth factor for activated T cells | activates cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and NK cells

Question 31

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer 31

promotes growth and survival of T, B, and mast cells induces T2 helper cells activate B cells and eosinophils induces IgE type responses (allergic or parasitic response)

Question 32

Interleukin-5 (IL-5)

Answer 32

induces eosinophil growth and development

Question 33

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Answer 33

stimulates liver to produce mediators for acute-phase inflammatory response (CRP) proliferation of antibody-producing cells (plasma B cells)

Question 34

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Answer 34

inhibitor of activated macrophages and dendritic cells | inhibits T1 helper cells

Question 35

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

Answer 35

enhances NK cells cytotoxicity in innate immunity | induces T1 helper cells in adaptive immunity

Question 36

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)

Answer 36

induces inflammation, fever, and acute-phase inflammatory response activate neutrophils and endothelial cells kills cells through apoptosis

Question 37

Type I Interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β)

Answer 37

inhibit (interfere with) viral replication | activate NK cells

Question 38

Active Immunity

Answer 38

requires the host's own immune system to develop an immunological response including the development of memory long-lasting but requires days to weeks to develop full response

Question 39

Naturally-acquired Active Immunity

Answer 39

exposed to a pathogen

Question 40

Artificially-acquired Active Immunity

Answer 40

administration of a vaccine (immunization)

Question 41

Passive Immunity

Answer 41

immunity transferred from another source | short term protection that lasts days to weeks

Question 42

Naturally-acquired Passive Immunity

Answer 42

passed from mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk

Question 43

Artificially-acquired Passive Immunity

Answer 43

administration of Igs from humans or animals

Question 44

Tolerance

Answer 44

ability of the immune system to react to foreign antigen but remain nonreactive to self-antigens (prevent autoimmune responses)