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Adv Pathophysiology > Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes

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2
Q

Second line of defense

A

inflammation

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3
Q

Third line of defense

A

immune response

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4
Q

Innate (Natural) Immunity

A

normally in place before an encounter with an infectious agent and provides rapid protection against infection
involves first and second lines of defense
rapid response - nonspecific
does not create memory - does not involve antibodies

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant phagocytic WBC

“first responder” - arrives first but does not stay long

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

active in parasitic infection and allergic reaction

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7
Q

Basophils

A

produce histamine and proteolytic enzymes

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8
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

Largest WBCs

Arrive later but are more efficient and have longer life span than neutrophils

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9
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

lymphocytes that can cause spontaneous cytotoxicity against infected cells on first exposure (rupture pathogen membranes)
produce cytokines

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10
Q

Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

A

immunity that is acquired through previous exposure to infectious or other foreign agents
recognize and destroy specific foreign agents
slower to respond (more efficient w/ each exposure)
creates memory and antibodies

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11
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

mediated by B lymphocytes
principle defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins (bacteria)
create circulating antibody-secreting plasma cells

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12
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
functions in the elimination of intracellular pathogens (viruses)
develop receptors that recognize and signal for destruction of infected cells

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13
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

principle defense against extracellular microbes/toxins (bacteria) in humoral immunity
Plasma B cells - produce antibodies
Memory B cells - remain in body for a longer time to recognize antigen if it returns

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14
Q

T lymphocytes

A

principle defense against intracellular pathogens (viruses) and cancer
develops specificity to fight a specific antigen

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15
Q

Helper T cells

A

assist in antigen recognition and binding to help B cells produce antibodies
CD4 helper T cells = master regulators for the immune system
Release cytokines to activate B cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, macrophages

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16
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

function to control immune system responses

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17
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

A

monitor the activity of all the cells in the body and destroy any that threaten the integrity of the body

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18
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

serve as the communication link or bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

19
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

responsible for processing and presentation of antigens to lymphocytes
includes macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes
must be able to express both classes of MHC

20
Q

Antigens

A

foreign organisms (microbial or nonmicrobial) that trigger antibody response by B cells

21
Q

Epitopes

A

immunologically active sites called antigenic determinants that has a distinct molecular shape that can be recognized and bound by immunoglobulins and antibodies

22
Q

Fab

A

antigen-binding fragments on the Y ends of IG molecules

23
Q

Fc

A

tail end of the Ig molecule that determines the function of the class of Ig

24
Q

IgG

A

gamma globulin
most prevalent
antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral
only Ig that crosses the placenta

25
Q

IgA

A

predominant Ig in secretions (saliva, nasal & respiratory, and breast milk)
protects mucous membranes

26
Q

IgM

A

first antibodies to be produced by a developing fetus
forms natural antibodies (i.e. ABO antigens)
instrumental in ultimate lysis of microorganisms

27
Q

IgD

A

found in cell membranes of B cells
functions as receptor for antigens
poorly understood

28
Q

IgE

A

binds to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells

involved in parasitic, allergic, and hypersensitivity reactions

29
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A

activates endothelium in inflammation
induces fever and acute-phase response
stimulates neutrophil production

30
Q

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

A

growth factor for activated T cells

activates cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and NK cells

31
Q

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

A

promotes growth and survival of T, B, and mast cells
induces T2 helper cells
activate B cells and eosinophils
induces IgE type responses (allergic or parasitic response)

32
Q

Interleukin-5 (IL-5)

A

induces eosinophil growth and development

33
Q

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

A

stimulates liver to produce mediators for acute-phase inflammatory response (CRP)
proliferation of antibody-producing cells (plasma B cells)

34
Q

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

A

inhibitor of activated macrophages and dendritic cells

inhibits T1 helper cells

35
Q

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

A

enhances NK cells cytotoxicity in innate immunity

induces T1 helper cells in adaptive immunity

36
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)

A

induces inflammation, fever, and acute-phase inflammatory response
activate neutrophils and endothelial cells
kills cells through apoptosis

37
Q

Type I Interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β)

A

inhibit (interfere with) viral replication

activate NK cells

38
Q

Active Immunity

A

requires the host’s own immune system to develop an immunological response including the development of memory
long-lasting but requires days to weeks to develop full response

39
Q

Naturally-acquired Active Immunity

A

exposed to a pathogen

40
Q

Artificially-acquired Active Immunity

A

administration of a vaccine (immunization)

41
Q

Passive Immunity

A

immunity transferred from another source

short term protection that lasts days to weeks

42
Q

Naturally-acquired Passive Immunity

A

passed from mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk

43
Q

Artificially-acquired Passive Immunity

A

administration of Igs from humans or animals

44
Q

Tolerance

A

ability of the immune system to react to foreign antigen but remain nonreactive to self-antigens (prevent autoimmune responses)

Adv Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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