Chapter 1: Concepts of Health & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of the human body

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2
Q

Pathology

A

study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that either cause disease or is caused by disease

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

focuses on both the mechanisms and total effects of body changes that occur with disease – physiology of altered health

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4
Q

Morbidity

A

describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life

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5
Q

Mortality

A

pertains to the leading causes of death related to age, gender, race, geographic location, etc.

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6
Q

Etiological Factors

A

sets the disease process in motion: biological agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns), chemical agents (alcohol, poisons), genetics, or nutritional imbalances

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7
Q

Congenital defects

A

defects present at birth due to genetic variation or environmental influences (maternal infections/drug use)

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8
Q

Acquired defects

A

defects caused by events that occur after birth (injury, exposure to infectious agents, insufficient nutrition, hypoxia, and neoplasia)

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9
Q

Primary prevention

A

Examples: wearing a bike helmet, vaccinations, exercise, proper diet

(If there is a disease process in the question and it discusses diet or exercise - this is considered tertiary prevention)

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10
Q

Preclinical Stage

A

disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease

(transmission is possible at this stage)

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11
Q

Carrier

A

one who harbors an organism but is not infected - evidenced by antibody response

(can still transmit/affect others)

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12
Q

Reliability

A

refers to the extent to which an observation provides the same results when repeated

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13
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases of influenza in Detroit over a period of 3 months

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14
Q

Prevalence

A

48% of the population in the US are currently living with diabetes

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15
Q

Subacute disease

A

not as severe as acute and not as prolonged as chronic

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16
Q

Validity

A

is it measuring what it is intended to measure

Example: comparing a manual blood pressure to that of intra-arterial findings

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17
Q

Sensitivity

A

refers to the proportion of individuals with a disease who are positive on a given test (true positive)

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18
Q

Predictive value

A

extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
proportion of true value results

19
Q

Endemic

A

a disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area
Example: Goiter was very common in the Midwest before the general availability of fresh fish or iodized salt

20
Q

Specificity

A

refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test (true negative)

21
Q

Subjective data

A

Symptoms

data examples: nausea, constipation, dyspnea, pain

22
Q

Positive predictive value

A

the ratio of patients truly diagnosed as positive to all those who had positive test results
Example: those with a high PSA developed prostate cancer

23
Q

Iatrogenic etiology

A

a state of ill health or adverse effect caused by medical treatment
Example: development of Cushing’s Syndrome due to excessive steroid use

24
Q

Risk factors

A

factors that predispose one to a particular disease(s)

Examples: smoking, high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity

25
Objective data
Signs | data examples: erythema, emesis, puffy eyes
26
Subclinical disease
not clinically apparent and not destined to become apparent clinically diagnosed by antibodies or cultures Example: tuberculosis
27
Secondary prevention
Screenings | Example: Pap smear, mammogram, colonoscopy
28
Congenital conditions
Examples: sickle cell, Down syndrome, hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome
29
Evidence-based practice
refers to making decisions based on scientific data showing a specific way of managing disease
30
Clinical practice guidelines
refers to systematic statements intended to inform practitioners in making healthcare decisions for specific conditions (i.e. algorithms)
31
Tertiary prevention
involves the prevention of complications in people who have already developed disease Examples: medication, physical therapy, occupational therapy
32
Idiopathic etiology
unknown cause of a disease
33
Syndrome
set of signs and symptoms that represent a specific disease
34
Acute
state of disease that reaches full intensity but is self-limiting
35
Prognosis
expected outcome of a disease | cure - management - palliative care
36
Pandemic
when an epidemic spreads across continents
37
Incubation
sequence of events that occur from the time on initial contact with an etiological agent until the disease is expressed
38
Pathogenesis
explains how the disease process evolves
39
Prodromal
disease state where the signs and symptoms are usually mild and nonspecific (fatigue, malaise, aches, fever)
40
Exacerbation
when clinical manifestations flare up and increase in severity
41
Remission
the period of time where there is a decrease in both severity and clinical manifestations
42
Latent or incubation
state of disease where no signs or symptoms are evident
43
Precipitating factors
a specific event or trigger to the onset of the current problem Example: stress, exercise, dust, and cold weather are precipitating factors in asthma